Grammatical structure of English language

Word Order in the Declarative (Affirmative) Sentence
In affirmative sentences the English word order is strict.

№	Modifier of Time	The Subject (with an Attribute)	Verb	Indirect Object	Direct Object. Predicative (Part of a Compound Predicate)	Prepositional Object	Modifier of Place	Modifier of Manner	Modifier of Time
1.	Yesterday	they	bought	-	a car	-	in Moscow.	-	-
2.	-	I	read	-	the articles	with attention	-	-	every night.
3.	-	You	speak	English	-	-	-	well.	-
4.	Next year	we	will spent	-	holiday	with you	in Portugal.	-	-
5.			Give	me	the towels!

Adverbial modifiers are often expressed by adverbs and nouns with prepositions. With verbs of movement or state the adverbial modifier of place comes immediately after the verb. If there are two or more adverbial modifiers, the usual order is “place”, “manner”, “time”. The adverbial modifier of indefinite time expressed by such adverbs as: never, usually, often, seldom, yet, just, etc. is placed before the main verb or after the auxiliary or modal verb.


Word Order in the Interrogative Sentence

№	Interrogative Word	Auxiliary or Modal Verb	The Subject (with an Attribute)	Notional (Main) Verb	Indirect Object	Direct Object	Prepositional Object	Modifier of Place	Modifier of Manner	Modifier of Time
1.	When	will	you	go	-	-	with them	to the farm?	-	-
2.	-	Can	he	ride	-	a horse?	-	-	-	-
3.	-	-	Who	brought	-	these papers	for me	from school	-	last Monday?
4.	-	Do	they	drive	-	the cars	-	-	well?	-
5.	How	has	she	given	him	this box?

Activity 1 : Make up sentences using these words fill in grips as many as possible:
a car, in the , yesterday, my dad, in the house, drove, my grandpa, carried, some boxes, his grandma, lunch, next year, cooks, every day, What, doing, you , right now, are, How, Sally, watch, did, me, Where, he, give, bring, him, go, tomorrow, with mum, will, do, we, sleep, When, in the mountain.


Word Order in the Declarative (Affirmative) Sentence

№	Modifier of Time	The Subject (with an Attribute)	Verb	Indirect Object	Direct Object. Predicative (Part of a Compound Predicate)	Prepositional Object	Modifier of Place	Modifier of Manner	Modifier of Time
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Word Order in the Interrogative Sentence

№	Interrogative Word	Auxiliary or Modal Verb	The Subject (with an Attribute)	Notional (Main) Verb	Indirect Object	Direct Object	Prepositional Object	Modifier of Place	Modifier of Manner	Modifier of Time
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Activity 2: Read the text. Find the types of predicates and underline them.
The National Flag of Uzbekistan
The national flag of Uzbekistan represents our country at conferences, world exhibitions and sport competitions. Our flag is a rectangle-colored cloth consisting of 4 horizontal stripes: blue, white, green and red. Blue is the symbol of the sky and water, which are the main sources of life. Mainly blue was the color of the state flag of Amir Temur. White is the traditional symbol of peace and good luck. Green is the colour of nature and new life. Red is the colour of an active life. In the upper left comer, there is a crescent moon symbolizing the newly independent Republic. The 12 stars have symbolized perfection and maturity since ancient times.
Activity 3: Underline the subjects (S), verbs (V) and prepositional phrases (PP) and discuss with your partner in the following sentences.
1. Lola needs fashionable dress for next party.
2. He obtained his degree.
3. Bobur bought new batteries for his new watch.
4. Beethoven wrote nine symphonies.
5. Bells originated in Asia.
6. Plants need a reliable supply of water.
7. We enjoyed the view of Snow Mountains from the window of our hotel room.
8. The child sat between her parents on the sandy beach. Above her, an eagle flew across the cloudless sky.
9. He tried to open this box, but in vain.
10. He organized his sources by theme.
Activity 4: Construct five sentences using this following table.
Activity 5: Identify the types of object.

1. 
   All the actors have played their parts.
   
2. 
   Pauline has passed her mother a parcel.
   
3. 
   The cat gets in their house when they are sleeping.
   
4. 
   She closed the cartoon carefully.
   
5. 
   First, she kissed her father, then she kissed her mother.
   
6. 
   Marie lives in a dorm.
   
7. 
   My aunt opened her purse and gave the man a quarter.
   
8. 
   My mother included reading and baking in her list of hobbies.
   
9. 
   I heard him shouting.
   
10. 
    The dog is at home.
    

Test your – self:

• 
  Identify the red words in the simple sentences on the right as: Subject or Predicate
  
  1. 
     Sitting on the roof of my house was a huge black bird.
     
     1. 
        Subject B) Predicate
        
  2. 
     I always bring my dictionary to class.
     
     1. 
        Subject B) Predicate
        
  3. 
     On the way from school to Frankfurt yesterday afternoon bus number 21 crashed into a parked car.
     
     1. 
        Subject B) Predicate
        
  4. 
     In the ESL lesson tomorrow you will have a vocabulary test.
     
     1. 
        Subject B) Predicate
        
  5. 
     A glacier is a river of ice moving slowly down a mountain.
     
     1. 
        Subject B) Predicate
        

Glossary:

1. 
   Subject – ega. 6. Predicate – kesim.
   

2. 
   Attribute – aniqlovchi. 7. Object – to’ldiruvchi.
   
3. 
   Adverbial modifier – hol. 8. Compound – qo’shma.
   
4. 
   Express – ifodalamoq. 9. Maturity - yetuklik
   
5. 
   Lexical meaning – lug’aviy ma’no 10. Vain – behuda
   

Morphology and syntax
The term grammar is often used to refer to morphology (the study of word forms) and syntax (the study of sentence structure) together. Languages can be classified according to the grammatical principles which hold for them. Such classification is the subject of typology which is concerned with synchronic structure and not with genetic grouping. A language may change its type over time as has happened with English which in the Old English period was a synthetic language with many inflections and now is a rather analytic language with few grammatical endings. The following chart illustrates the main language types.
Morphology
Morphology deals with grouping words to parts of speech, the grammatical categories characteristic to these parts of speech and the means by which these grammatical categories are expressed.
A s one of basic language level morphology studies morphemes and their types.
Syntax

Syntax studies combinations of words (phrases), sentences, units bigger than sentences and their types. It also considers how words combine to form sentences and the rules which govern the formation of sentences.

Grammatical Category
The term "grammatical category" refers to specific properties of a word that can cause that word and/or a related word to change in form for grammatical reasons (ensuring agreement between words).
For example, the word "boy" is a noun. Nouns have a grammatical category called "number". The values of number are singular (one) and plural (two or more).

1. 
   The boy is playing.
   
2. 
   The boys are playing.
   

In sentence 1, "boy" is in its basic form, giving its "number" the value of singular. There is one boy and the related auxiliary verb "to be" is in the singular form (is).
In sentence 2, the form of "boy" has changed to "boys", giving its "number" the value of plural. There is more than one boy and the related "to be" is in the plural form (are).
In the above example, the "number" of "boy" influences the form of boy, and also influences the form of a related word (be). "Number" is a "grammatical category".
English has over twenty grammatical categories. Frequently encountered grammatical categories include:

• 
  tense, the placing of a verb in a time frame, which can take values such as present and past
  
• 
  number, with values such as singular, plural, and sometimes dual, trial, paucal, uncountable or partitive, inclusive or exclusive
  
• 
  gender, with values such as masculine, feminine and neuter
  
• 
  noun classes, which are more general than just gender, and include additional classes like: animated, humane, plants, animals, things, and immaterial for concepts and verbal nouns/actions, sometimes as well shapes
  
• 
  locative relations, which some languages would represent using grammatical cases or tenses, or by adding a possibly agglutinated lexeme such as a preposition, adjective, or particle.
  

Morphology
Morphology deals with grouping words to parts of speech, the grammatical categories characteristic to these parts of speech and the means by which these grammatical categories are expressed. As one of basic language level morphology studies morphemes and their types.


PARTS OF SPEECH
A word is the smallest unit of speech which has a meaning. According to theirmeaning, morphological characteristics and syntactical functions, words fall under certain classes called parts of speech. We distinguish notional and structural parts of speech. The notional parts of speech perform certain functions in the sentence: the functions of subject, predicate, attribute, object, or adverbial modifier. The structural parts of speech either express relations between words or sentences or emphasize the meaning of words or sentences. They never perform any independent function in the sentence.
The parts of speech are:
1) the noun: a , meat, bread, etc.
2) the article: a, an, the
3) the pronoun: I, you, this, anything, somebody, etc.
4) the adjective: red, yellow, large, cold, etc.
5) the adverb: now, here, slowly, etc.
6) the numeral: eleven, third, zero, etc.
7) the words of the category of state: asleep, awake, etc.
8) the verb: to write, to go, to dream, etc.
9) the interjection: Oh! Wow! Oops!
10) the particle: not, to, also, etc.
11) the conjunction: and, but, neither... nor, etc.
12) the preposition: under, for, in, at, etc.
The structural parts of them are:
1) the article;
2) the particle;
3) the conjunction;
4) the preposition.