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English: Uzbek: Russian:
house-houses уй-уйлар дом-дома
woman-women аёл-аёллар женщина-женщины
room-rooms хона-хоналар комната-комнаты
The singular form is represented by zero morphemes in English and in Uzbek. Exceptions in English are some of the nouns borrowed from Latin and Greek: datum, crisis, bacterium, phenomenon.
Singular forms serve in the main to express oneness in both English and Russian.
English: The book is on the table. I have a book.
Russian: Книга на столе. У меня есть книга.
They may not express number in certain contexts and word combinations: to hunt on bear — охотиться на медведя.
In Uzbek both cases occur equally: Китоб қани? Where is the book? Где книга?
There are several ways of forming the plural in English and Russian. In English the plural of the nouns is formed -
1. By adding one of the following suffixes:
a)-e(s), which has three phonetically conditioned allomorphs [s], [z], [iz]
books, pens, houses;
b)
stimuli.
2. By vowel alternation:
man-men, goose-geese, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice, # louse-lice.
3. By the suffix -en and vowel alternation:
child-children.
Adding the suffixes of the plural does not cause any change in word stress but in certain nouns ending in —f and in -th morphological changes take place: shelf- shelves, knife-knives, bath-baths, path-paths.
Among the forms of the plural the suffix -(e)s is productive, others are unproductive.
In Russian the plural of nouns in the nominative case is formed by adding the suffixes -и, -ы, -а, -я, -e to the stem: рука-руки, завод-заводы, дом-дома, край- края, гражданин-граждане.
The most general quantitative characteristics of individual words constitute the lexico-grammatical base for dividing the noun vocabulary as a whole into the countable nouns and the uncountable ones. The constant categorical feature 'quantitative structure' is directly connected with the variable feature 'number', since the uncountable nouns are treated grammatically as either singular or plural. Namely, the singular uncountable nouns are modified by the non-discrete quantifiers much or little and they take a finite verb in the singular, while the plural uncountable nouns take a finite verb in the plural.
The two subclasses of uncountable nouns are usually referred to, respectively, as singularia tantum (only singular) and pluralia tantum (only plural).
In terms of oppositions we may say that in the formation of the two subclasses of uncountable nouns the number opposition is 'constantly' (lexically) reduced either to the weak member or to the strong one.
Since the grammatical form of the uncountable nouns of the singularia tantum subclasses is not excluded from the category of number, it stands to reason to speak of it as the 'absolute' singular, as different from the 'correlative' or 'common' singular of the countable nouns.
The absolute singular excludes the use of the modifying numeral one, as well as the indefinite article.
The absolute singular is characteristic of the names of abstract notions: peace, love, joy, courage, friendship; the names of the branches of professional activity: chemistry, architecture, mathematics, linguistics; the names of mass-materials: water, snow, steel, hair, the names of collective inanimate objects: foliage, fruit, furniture, machinery.
Some of these words can be used in the form of the common singular with the common plural counterpart, but in this case they come to mean either different sorts of materials or separate concrete manifestations of the qualities denoted by abstract nouns or concrete objects exhibiting the respective qualities.
Examples: Joy is absolutely necessary for normal human life.
It was a joy to see her among us.
The lexical effect of the correlative number forms (both singular and plural) in such cases is evident, since the categorical component of the referential meaning in each of them is changed from uncountable to countable. Thus, the oppositional reduction is here nullified in a peculiarly lexical way and the full oppositional force of the category of number is rehabilitated.
Common number with uncountable singular nouns can also be expressed by means of combining them with words showing discreteness such as bit, piece, item, sort.
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