Grammar modal verbs. Modal verbs of probability, present and future

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grammar-unit12

Caller: You . . . come; he's terribly ill.

English children . . . stay at school till the age of 16.
In my district there is no gas laid on. People . . . use electricity for everything.
Notice above petrol pump: All engines ... be switched off.
Mother to daughter: You . . . come in earlier at night.
The shops here don't deliver. We . . . carry everything home ourselves.
The buses were all full; I . . . get a taxi.
Notice beside escalators: Dogs and push chairs ... be carried.
'Au pair' girls usually ... do quite a lot of housework.
Tell her that she ... be here by six. I insist on it.
When a tyre is punctured the driver . . . change the wheel.
Park notice: All dogs ... be kept on leads.
She . . . learn how to drive when her local railway station is closed.
Railway notice: Passengers . . . cross the line by the footbridge.
I got lost and . . . ask a policeman the way.
Farmers . . . get up early.

5. Use the required form of the infinitive after ought to and should.

But we ought (to have) your brother here, to tell us exactly how far we can go.
Tea is between half past five and six, and it should (to be) ready now.
He couldn't see anything. He thought that he ought (to bring) a torch.
Should the baby (to play) with a box of matches?
If you're in love it ought (to make) you happy. You ought (to laugh).
The doctor said it was appendicitis and she ought (to operate) on.
You should (to see) him yesterday on horseback.
One day the headmaster came on Jack, who should (to sweat) on the sports ground, sitting comfortably in a gardener's shed reading a book and eating a large piece of cocoa-nut ice.
"Your father and I should (to arrange) everything before I came here," he said.

Oughtn't you (to answer) that letter now?
Where is his car? He shouldn't (to leave) it unattended.
He drove at great speed. He knew that about this hour the guests should (to arrive) at his house.
"Well, I'm very glad to know at last what it was all about." "You ought (to tell) before."
Then he should (to laugh), but instead he heard himself saying: "Everything you say is quite true."
Anything we can do to clear up this miserable affair ought (to do).
"I don't think he had the least idea of what I meant." "You should (to be) more explicit, my dear."

III. Consolidation.
1. Fill in the blanks with can (be able), may or must:

"Will you know where to go?" "Yes, thank you. I ... always ask my brother."
"Didn't she hear our shouting?" "She says she heard nothing." "She ... have wandered a long way."
What ... he have meant when he said it?
He hesitated and said, "I ... go to South America. As a tea planter." I said,"I ... be wrong, Jason, but I don't think they grow tea in South America."
He ... have flown off after he dropped us. He ... not land here. Not in a plane with wheels.
"I'd give anything to meet that fellow." "We ... see what ... be done."
Cindy ... have laughed aloud. Instead, she nodded.
You ... hardly have been more surprised than I was.
The old man cupped his ear in his palm. "I think I ... be getting deaf. I ... not hear you."
"There was someone on the phone for you," he said. "Oh, who?" "I don't know, he didn't say. Some man." "It ... have been Mike." "I know Mike. It wasn't Mike." "Oh. Then I ... not think who it ... have been."
I went straight from the station to the club and played billiards. It ... have been after eleven when I reached the flat.
She was beginning to want to ask him in but she knew that she ... not do it yet.
It's a most interesting story. He ... not possibly have invented it. You ... have told him something.
I've other things to attend to which ... be put through immediately.
I admire your mother's looks. She ... have been a lovely girl.
The apples are very good. You ... eat them all.
My wife ... leave the hospital in a week's time.
My wife ... to leave the hospital a few days ago.
I'm trying to think where he ... have gone.
Of course it occurred to me that if he had found the watch as he said, it ... have been lying in the garden for more than a year.
He began absently to eat one of the buttered biscuits. He'd lose his appetite if his wife didn't hurry up. She ... be talking to Frau Schmidt.
A day or two later Mrs Strickland sent me a note asking if I ... go and see her that evening after dinner.
"I don't know why he did it." "It ... have amused him."
"You know, I'm a bit of a writer myself in a small way." "What are you writing? A novel?" "Oh, come off it. I ... not write a novel. No, it's a sort of history of the regiment, as a matter of fact."
"He's up in Barbie's room. He's decorating it with shells. He ... have brought in a ton."
"She's gone out. Something awful ... have happened." "How ... she have got out? The door is locked."
I'm going to tell him that he ... not do any building here.
They say the driver .,. have been going fifty miles round that blind corner for the body to have been thrown and injured like it was.
She looked unusually pale and gloomy. I wondered what ... have upset her.
"... you drive a car, Mooey?" "Yes, indeed I ... ," he answered.
You ... be very prosperous, Eustace, to own a car like that,
Obviously Haviland had worked late the night before, as he ... have done for several nights in a row, because he looked drawn and pale.
The water of the pool ... have been heated for it steamed gently in the beams of the lamps.
Mr Hardy takes a lot of aspirin. He ... have had at least twelve tablets during the day.
The man danced very well. He ... have spent hours taking lessons, Jack thought.

2. Must(n't), need(n't)_f should(n't) and don't have to

Match the beginning of each sentence with the most suitable ending.

Lucy should be having breakfast,
Patsy shouldn't go clubbing all night
Jenny shouldn't have gone out
Megan mustn't oversleep
Nicky doesn't have to get up yet
Natalie didn't need to hurry
Sharon needn't have set the alarm clock

a when she was supposed to be studying.

b because she woke up early anyway.

c but she’s too nervous to eat.

d when she has an exam the next day.

e if she's not going to work today.

f or she'll be late for her interview

g because she wasn't late.
3. Choose the correct alternative.
Thursday

NEIL: I'm doing a training session after work next Monday. Can you email these people?

ROBBIE: (1) Must I do / Should I do it now?

NEIL: Well, we (2) must have sent / should have sent them earlier really.

ROBBIE: Oh, all right then.

Friday

NAOMI: I've had an email about a training day on Monday. Do you think I (3) must / ought to take my laptop?

ellie: Well, you (4) mustn't / don't have to. But I always take mine, just in case I need it.
Monday

NAOMI: Hi, Neil. I've brought my laptop.

NEIL: Oh, you (5) needn't bother / needn't have bothered. There are There are plenty of computers. But why isn't Ellie with you? Is she away?

NAOMI: She wasn't asked to come. She's gone home.

NEIL: Oh, dear. The email (6) must go / must have gone to the wrong address. And I don't know where Robbie is. He (7) must be / should be here.

NAOMI: Well, he had to go out earlier. He (8) must have missed / should have missed the bus back. I expect he'll be here soon

4. Choose the correct form.

You mustn't / don't have to conduct any chemistry experiments unless you are wearing safety glasses.
There are a lot of books which Anna did not have to read / need not have read as part of her university course, but which she decided to read out of interest.
We don't have to / We'd better not talk for too long. These calls are expensive.
I went to see the dentist yesterday, but luckily / didn't need to have /1 needn't have had any painful treatment!
You didn't have to tell me /shouldn't have told me about the party. Now it's not a surprise!
Some people believe that the government does not have to / should not allow genetically modified crops to be grown on a large scale, as they could spread out of control.
These books are on the wrong shelf. They shouldn't/ mustn't be here.
The report concluded that the rescuers should not have attempted / didn't have to attempt to move the injured passengers before medical help arrived.
Please put the paper cups and plates in the bin. We mustn't / don't have to leave the room in a mess.
There is plenty of time. We mustn't be /don't have to be at the cinema until 8.00.

5. Complete the sentences with must(n't), needn't or should(n't).

We've run out of soap. I … get some more in the morning.
You … finish that report tonight if you're too tired. Midday tomorrow is

the deadline.

What are you doing here? … you be at college?
He really … have told his brother about this present. It was supposed to

be a secret.

You … bring your mobile because I've got mine with me.
You … make so much noise. We'll be asked to leave if you don't stop it.
I'm going to be in trouble. I … have emailed my brother yesterday

afternoon and I completely forgot.

8 You … have written a letter - a text message would have been OK.

6. Complete the sentence using one word in each gap.
1. In the early years of motoring, drivers didn't … to take a driving test.

2. You … sign the application form at the end of the page, or it will not be accepted.

3. Hurry up. We … to get to the airport by 9.30.

4. I think we had … stop and ask someone the way.

5. This bus is going to take ages. We … have taken a taxi.

6. Important notice. All new arrivals … to report to the reception desk.

7. Thanks for coming. I'm glad you … make it.

8. You look really tired. You … take a few days off and have a holiday.

9. Sorry I'm a bit late. I … to pick up the children from school.

10. You … not decide immediately whether to join the class.

7. Write a new sentence with the same meaning, beginning as shown.
1. If I were you, I'd take an umbrella.

I think you'd……………………………………………………………………..

2. Is Saturday morning school compulsory in your country?

Do students

3. In the third week, students must hand in a typed copy of their first lab report.

In the third week, students are

4. Sheila changed the battery in her camera, but it wasn't necessary.

Sheila the battery in her camera.

5. You look really ill. If I were you, I'd stay at home today.

You look really ill. I to stay at home today.

6. It was a bad idea to leave the windows open while it was raining.

You

7. The theatre tickets were free, so there was no need for us to pay.

The theatre tickets were free, so we

8. I can stay here until 10.00.

I leave until 10.00.

9. Helen managed to stop the car before it crashed into a wall.

Helen was

10. Steve's laptop had a wireless Internet connection, so there was no need for him to connect it to a phone line.

Steve's laptop had a wireless Internet connection, so he
8. Complete the second sentence with must(n't), need(n't), should(n't) or (don't) have to so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
1 It is vital to wear a helmet when you ride a motorbike.

You ……………………………………………….

2 I expect we'll get the contract because we offered the best price.

We offered the best price, so we

3 It isn't necessary for us to spend a long time in the museum if it's not interesting.

We :

4 It was wrong of you to speak to my mother like that.

You

5 She promised to phone me before lunch. It's seven o'clock now.

She by now.

6 I made far more sandwiches than we needed.

I so many sandwiches.

7 It's essential that my father doesn't find out what I've done.

My father

8 In my opinion it would be wrong for them to move house now.

I don't think they

9 My sister offered me a lift, so it wasn't necessary for me to call a taxi.

As my sister offered me a lift, I

10 1 think it's a good idea to check the timetable before we leave.

We
9. Complete the text with one word in each gap.
Rubbish - or refuse as we (1) really call it - is big news at the moment. For many years, people in Britain (2) had to pay a local tax (council tax) which includes a charge for refuse collection. In many parts of the country people have also been (3) to ask their local council to remove unwanted household items, such as furniture and electrical appliances. However, in recent years, as a result of EU

legislation, councils have (4) to reconsider how they collect rubbish, and what they do with it. In the past, householders simply (5) to put out their dustbins once

a week, and the council collected the rubbish. Now the emphasis is on recycling, and householders (6) to separate recyclable waste (paper, plastic, cans and bottles) from organic waste (food and garden waste) and other items. 'Really we (7) have started doing this years ago,' explained Karen Graham from recycling consultants WasteNot. 'We (8) to stop filling up holes in the ground with rubbish and look at what other countries have (9) able to do.' One likely change is that soon householders (10) have to pay for their rubbish collections. 'People (11) pay according to how much rubbish they produce, and we (12) to reward people who recycle and consume less. People in Belgium, for example, (13) had to get used to this system - and it seems to have worked.' And if you think that weighing your rubbish is a strange idea, you had (14) get used to it. Before long, an electronic chip in your dustbin will be weighing the bin and calculating how much you (15) to pay.
10. Use the perfect infinitive of the verbs in brackets with a suitable modal verb.

1. Jack: I've finished.

Ann: But you were only half way through when I went to bed. You (work) all night!

2 The instructions were in French. I translated them into English for

him.-

You (not translate) them. He knows French.

3 Tom: What's happened to Jack? We said 7.30 and now it's 8.00 and
there's no sign of him.

Ann: He (forget) that we invited him. He is rather forgetful. I (telephone) him yesterday to remind him. (It was foolish of me not to telephone.)

4 Tom: Or he (get) lost. He hasn't been to this house before. I (give)
him directions. (I didn't give him directions, which was stupid of me.)
Ann: Or he (have) a breakdown or a puncture.

Tom: A puncture (not delay) him so long.

5 Ann: Or he (stop) for a drink and (get) involved in an argument.
Jack's arguments go on for hours!

Tom: Or he (run) out of petrol. Perhaps we'd better go and look for him.

You (not feed) the bears! (It was foolish of you to feed them.) Now they'll be angry if the next campers don't feed them too.

Nobody has been in this house for a month. ~

Nonsense! Here's last Monday's paper in the wastepaper basket; somebody (be) here quite recently.

8 Two of the players spent the night before the big match at a

party. ~

That was very foolish of them. They (go) to bed early.

9 He says that when walking across Kensington Gardens he was
attacked by wolves. ~

He (not be attacked) by wolves. There aren't any wolves in Kensington. He (see) some Alsatian dogs and (think) they were wolves.

I waited from 8.00 to 8.30 under the clock and he says he waited from 8.00 to 8.30 under the clock, and we didn't see each other! -You (wait) under different clocks! There are two in the station, you know.
He set off alone a month ago and hasn't been heard of since. ~ He (fall) into a river and (be eaten) by crocodiles. ~

Or (be kidnapped) by tribesmen. ~ Or (catch) fever and (die) of it.

We (start) yesterday (this was the plan); but the flight was cancelled because of the fog, so we're still here, as you see.
Mary to Ann, who has just toiled up six flights of stairs: You (not walk) up! You (come) up in the lift. It's working now.

14 I left my car here under the No Parking sign; and now it's gone. It (be) stolen! - Not necessarily. The police (drive) it away.

He had two bottles of Coke and got frightfully drunk. -He (not get) drunk on Coke. He (drink) gin with it.
He was riding a bicycle along the motorway when he was hit by the trailer of a lorry. These big lorries are very dangerous. ~ Perhaps, but Paul (not ride) a bicycle along the motorway; bicycles are not allowed.
I've lost one of my gloves! -

The puppy (take) it. I saw him running by just now with something in his mouth. It (be) your glove.

18 We've run out of petrol! -

I'm not surprised. I noticed that the tank was nearly empty when we left home. ~

You (tell) me! We (get) petrol at the last village. Now we've got a 10-mile walk!

If the ground hadn't been so soft the horse I backed (win) instead of coming in second. He never does very well on soft ground.
I've written to Paul. ~

You (not write). He's coming here tomorrow. You'll see him before he gets your letter.

They (build) a two-storey house (this was the original plan), but money ran out so they built a bungalow instead.
If the dog hadn't woken us we (not notice) the fire for several hours, and by that time it (spread) the house next door.
Why didn't you wait for me yesterday? ~
I waited five minutes. ~

You (wait) a little longer!

24 How did Peter get here? -

He (come) on a motorcycle. (This is a possibility.)-He (not come) on a motorcycle. He doesn't ride one. — He (come) as a pillion passenger.

25 (Alice, staying at a hotel for the first time, carefully washes up the
early morning tea things.)

Mother: You (not do) that. The hotel staff do the washing up.

Why are you so late? You (be) here two hours ago!
Mrs Smith: I've cooked scrambled eggs for Mr Jones, because of his diet, and steak and onions for everyone else.

Mr Jones: You (not cook) anything special for me, Mrs Smith; I'm not on a diet any longer.

If I'd known we'd have to wait so long I (bring) a book. ~ If I'd known it was going to be so cold I (not come) at all!
Tom (looking out of the window): Fortunately that teapot didn't hit anyone, but you (not throw) it out of the window, Ann! You (kill) someone.
Look at this beautiful painting! Only a very great artist (paint) such a picture! -

Nonsense! A child of five (paint) it with his eyes shut.

31 I wonder how the fire started. ~

Oh, someone (drop) a lighted cigarette. Or it (be) an electrical fault. ~

32 You don't think it (be started) deliberately?-

Well, I suppose it (be). (It is possible.) But who would do a thing like that?

There is only one set of footprints, so the kidnapper (carry) his prisoner out. He not (do) it in daylight or he (be) seen. He (wait) till dark.
I went with him to show him the way. -

You (not do) that. (That wasn't necessary.) He knows the way.

Then an enormous man, ten feet tall, came into the ring. -He (not be) ten feet tall really. He (walk) on stilts.
He jumped out of a sixth-floor window and broke his neck. ~ You say 'jumped'. It (not be) an accident? —

No. The window was too small. It (be) deliberate.
11. Read the description of the following situations and say what the people should/must/could … (not) have done and what may/must … happen in future.

It was Sunday yesterday and Mike took his father’s car without permission to go to a disco. At the disco he had too much beer and on the way home he skidded as he was driving too fast and had a minor accident. However, he managed to return home unnoticed. Naturally, he didn’t tell anybody at home about what had happened. Now it is Monday evening. Mike’s father has just returned home and he looks very angry.

Oscar took his friends for a drive in his car. They went about 30 miles along a highway and stopped at a service station. Oscar entered a fast-food restaurant which was nearby to get some food. When he came out his car wasn’t there. His friends had disappeared too.

12. Fill in the blanks in the following texts with suitable modal verbs.
1. "Hallo, Tim. What have you been doing?" Mary called to the boy.

"I've been up at the station," Tim said, "watching the trains. You ... learn a lot there. You ... go up there more often. And I've got a message for you."

"For me?"

"Yes. From Mike. I saw him off back to London. He said he was called away unexpectedly and ... (not) to see you again. He also said if you were in London he'd like you to call on him but he didn't give me his address, so I ... (not) tell it to you."

"But he ... (not) have gone," Mary cried out.

"Why not?" Tim looked puzzled. "I've just seen him go."

2. "Granddad says he'll be glad when you get out of the house," the little girl said after she had been sitting still for nearly a minute.

"Does he?" said Ted.

"Yes. He says he ... (not) trust you round the corner."

"Oh?"

"What ... you do round the corner?"

"I ... do a lot of things."

"What sort of things?"

"All sorts of things."

The girl occupied herself for a short time with her own thoughts. Then she said: "Mummy says you're a cheat. What is a cheat?"

"I don't know," said Ted rather bitterly.

"But ... you be a cheat if you don't know what it is?"

"I ... (not), of course. I am not one."

"Is Grandad a cheat?"

"I shouldn't be surprised."

"... I ask him if he is a cheat?"

"I don't think you ... ."

"Why not?"

"He ... (not) like it."

"Why not?"

"I don't know," said Ted. "I don't, really know anything about cheats, Ann. And I think you ... have made a mistake about the word altogether."

3. "The house is absolutely full of gas. Whatever have you been doing?" I asked, the maid, entering her bedroom.

"I have done nothing," she said, weakly.

"Oh, then, who was it?" I said, trying to open the windows. "You ... have been dead. I ... (not) think what you ... have been doing. The gas oven was on. I suppose it ... have been Flora. Was she playing in the kitchen?"

"Yes. She ... have done it. What a naughty girl, trying to kill us all."

"Do you mean," I said, "that you didn't even notice? That since seven o'clock you haven't noticed a thing?"

"I did not notice anything, no."

"You ... be an idiot," I said. "What if I had stayed out all night, you'd probably all have been dead by the morning."
13. Supply the necessary modal verbs for the following sentences, noticing carefully the Russian equivalents given in brackets.
l.He ... not and ... not believe her. (не мог; не хотел)

2. Не sat, thinking unhappily of his talk with Jimmy. He wondered if he ... have stayed with him. He felt he ... have said something at least, to warn Jimmy against Smith. But what ... he have said? And Jimmy ... not have listened, (надо было бы; следовало бы; мог бы; не стал бы)

3."By the way," I asked, "what's Bill doing now?" "How in the world ... I know?" Arthur looked pained. "I thought he ... have been bothering you for money." (откуда мне знать; может быть)

Не came out of the water, smiling. "You ... have come earlier," he said. "We ... have swum together. The water is great." (зря не пришел; могли бы)
"Last night, you know, Hugh suddenly began to speak to me about what my future was going to be like." "What ... it have meant?" "How ... I know?" (и что это могло значить; откуда мне знать)
There was an old apple tree beside the path. I said, "I bet I ... climb that." "No, you ... not," said Jack, (могу; не надо)
"Well, then, ... you hold the line while I find the letter?" "I ... not, I'm in a telephone box." "Then ... I ring you back?" "I'm not on the telephone." "Then I think perhaps you ... ring me back in half an hour. By then I ... have some idea what this is all about." (можешь ли; не могу; можно мне; тебе лучше; может быть)
Не knows he ... read classics. He ... change to something else. (не нужно; мог бы)
"Monday will be my last day in London," Hudson said. "I stay down here fairly late." (может быть, придется)

10. In any case, I ... not hang about outside indefinitely while the sisters finished their quarrel. They ... continue for hours, (не мог же; может быть)

11.It's too bad she ... not have a drink with us. We ... have learned a great deal about the theatre tonight, (не могла; могли бы)

12. If you help me now I help you later, (может быть, смогу)

13. "I shall wait to hear what Lily has to say about it." "You … wait a long time." (может быть, придется)

14.1 think you ... certainly have told us the truth, and we ... have decided what was the best thing to do. (следовало бы; могли бы)

If your mother calls, tell her I be a little late, (возможно, придется)
On Saturday Charles broke the news to his father. Mr March began to grumble: "You ... have chosen a more suitable time to tell me. You ... have known that hearing this would put me out of step for the day." (следовало бы; мог бы)

VOCAB & SPEAKING.

1. Here are several idioms to express surprise. Study them and use them in your own sentences.

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