Grammar for ielts fiona Aish & Jo Tomlinson ■L& 11

Ordering main points: 
Use: 
firstly, secondly, next, finally, lastly
Ordering a process or narrative: 
Use: 
first, then, a fte r that, afterwards
Giving examples: 
Use: 
fo r instance, for example
Summarizing: 
Use: 
in conclusion, in sum m ary
A ll of these signposting words can be followed by a comma and a clause.
Firstly, there are many activities youths can become involved in.
In speech, many can be followed by a noun, verb or adjective.
Today I am going to look at youth problem s. Firstly, alienation. Then, peer pressure. And lastly. 
a n ti-socia l behaviour.
This cannot be done in w riting.
Linking words and phrases: 
These words link ideas together so that speech or 
w riting can be followed clearly.
Positioning of linking words: 
Linking words can be positioned in a variety of ways w ithin a 
sentence. Here you can see a sim plified guide to the main constructions:
1
Link word 
+ Noun, Clause 
OR
Clause + 
Link word 
+ Noun
2
Link word, +
Clause
3
Clause 1, 
Link word +
Clause 2
4
Link word +
Clause 1, + Clause 2
D ifferent linking words have different functions and need different constructions:
Addition: in addition 
(2), 
in addition to 
(1), 
moreover 
(2), 
furtherm ore 
(2), 
and 
(3)
Contrast: however 
(2), 
in contrast 
(2), 
in contrast to 
(1), 
whereas 
(3/4), 
although 
(3/4), 
even though 
(3/4), 
yet 
(3), 
but 
(3)