Gonzaga Debate Institute 2010 Bravo Lab China da

Containment Good - African Oil

China’s involvement in the African oil industry de-industrializes the region and discourages democracies

Kasozi 9. (Prof. A.B.K. Kasozi, writer for The New Vision: Uganda’s leading website. “Africa: China's Entry Into the Scramble for Oil Could Benefit Continent.”

December 23, 2009. http://allafrica.com/stories/200912240163.html). LRH.

However, it would be naïve, if not foolish, for Africans to sit back and think that China, or for that matter any other external nation or power will, unlike earlier surplus extractors from Africa, work for the interests of Africa. China will, and came to Africa to, work for, and advance its own national interests.

This is natural. There are a number of examples to certify that this is the case:

First, China, like the earlier seekers of value from Africa, is investing mainly in extractive industries. Minerals are taken out of Africa before they are fully processed. Oil, copper, cobalt and other minerals are mined and exported before value addition. In this way, China is just another importer of African primary goods-Africa's term of trade with Asia are unlikely to be different with those of the west. This is the crux of the matter.

Secondly, China's entry contributes to the de-industrialisation of Africa by flooding African markets with cheap mass produced goods.

Its projects are reported to contribute to the slowing of the training of an African skilled labour force and its trade policies are said to discourage the development of a local African middle and entrepreneur class that is the basis of the growth of democracy.
China will prop up repressive regimes in order to gain access to oil: Darfur proves

Chellaney 10. (Brahma, the author of Asian Juggernaut. “China's latest export innovation?; Send your convicts overseas.” The Washington Times. July 7, 2010.) LRH.
Similarly, despite the State Council's 2006 nine good-conduct directives to Chinese companies engaged in overseas operations, the government and corporate priority still is to boost exports aggressively, even if such a push results in environmental and social costs for local communities. Indeed, as part of the government's "going global" policy, Chinese companies are offered major incentives and rewards for bagging overseas contracts and boosting exports.

The use of convict laborers adds a disturbing new dimension to the "going global" strategy, which was first unveiled in 2001.

As it is, some Chinese projects, especially dam-building schemes, have been embroiled in disputes with local communities in several countries, including in Botswana, Burma, Pakistan, Ghana and Sudan. In fact, several small bombs went off less than three months ago at the site of Burma's Myitsone Dam, whose construction by a Chinese company in the insurgency-torn, northernmost Kachin state is displacing thousands of subsistence farmers and fishermen by flooding a wide swath of land.

China is not only the world leader in building dams at home but also the top dam exporter. It has no qualms about building dams in disputed territories like Pakistan-held Kashmir, in areas torn by ethnic separatism or in other human rights-abusing countries. But its use of convict laborers at dams and other infrastructure projects will create new rifts with local communities.

China's declaratory policy of ''non-interference in domestic affairs'' serves as a virtual license to pursue projects that benefit governments known to repress their citizens. For example, in Sudan, where China has emerged as the principal backer of a regime accused of committing genocide in the arid western region of Darfur, 13 of the 15 largest foreign companies operating are Chinese, with Beijing making huge investments in the Sudanese economy - from hydropower to oil. It also has sold hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of weapons, including tanks and fighter-jets, to help prop up President Omar Hassan Ahmed Bashir, wanted by the International Criminal Court for war crimes in Darfur.

Containment Good – African Oil

China strengthens the militaries of repressive regimes in Africa where they have an interest in oil

Volman 9. (Daniel, Dir. of the African Security Research Project in Washington, DC. “CHINA, INDIA, RUSSIA AND THEUNITED STATES: The Scramble for African Oil and the Militarization of the Continent.” p10. Nordic Africa Institute. October 19, 2009). LRH.
China has used military programs to strengthen the military capacities of key African allies and to expand its influence in Africa, particularly in major oil-producing countries. Sudan has received F-6 and F-7 fighter aircraft, T-62 light tanks, anti-aircraft systems, trucks, and other weapons. Zimbabwe has received at least nine J-7 fighter aircraft, six K-8 trainer aircraft, 10 T-69 tanks, 30 T-59 tanks, and as many as 100 T-63 armored transport vehicles. Angola has ordered eight Su-77 fighter aircraft. China sold over $1 billion worth of sophisticated weaponry to Ethiopia and Eritrea between 1998 and 2000 – including Su-77 fighter aircraft for Ethiopia – in violation of the U.N. arms embargo imposed during the bloody border war between the two countries. China has also supplied military equipment to Algeria, Zambia, Namibia, and Mauritania, including C-802 ship-to-ship missiles for Algeria as well as K-8 trainer aircraft for Zambia (which received eight) and Namibia (which received four).1

Nigeria, another oil-exporting country facing massive resistance in the oil-rich Niger Delta, has significantly expanded its arms purchase from China, including 15 F-7 fighter aircraft from China in 2005 for a reported $251 million. In addition, Chinese military ties with the Nigerian Government were significantly expanded in September 2004 when the Chinese arms producer Poly Technology announced that it would enter into a partnership with the government-owned Defense Industries Corporation of Nigeria (DICON) to modernize Nigeria’s domestic arms industry. After years of neglect, the Nigerian government wants to revive DICON and expects to resume production of small arms, grenades, ammunition, and other light weapons for the Nigerian military.2

These actions have led to criticism of China’s role in Africa, particularly from “alarmists” in the United States who emphasize China’s ties with repressive regimes and its willingness to invest without imposing the types of conditions imposed by the World Bank and other international financial institutions or by Western governments. While these critiques are valid, China’s practices are not unique. The United States has used the same means to build ties with repressive African regimes – particularly in oil producing countries like Algeria, Nigeria, Angola, Chad, and Equatorial Guinea – and has noticeably reduced its pressures for democratization, respect for human rights, and financial transparency in recent years.

Containment Good – Expansion Goes Global
China is building a military to expand beyond Asia

Gertz 10 (Bill, geopolitics editor and a national security and investigative reporter for The Washington Times, Admiral: China's buildup aimed at power past Asia http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/mar/26/admiral-chinas-buildup-aimed-at-power-past-asia/?page=2

The commander of U.S. military forces in the Pacific said Thursday that the buildup of Chinese armed forces is continuing "unabated" and Beijing's goal appears to be power projection beyond Asia. "China's rapid and comprehensive transformation of its armed forces is affecting regional military balances and holds implications beyond the Asia-Pacific region," said Adm. Robert F. Willard, the Pacific Command leader. "Of particular concern is that elements of China's military modernization appear designed to challenge our freedom of action in the region." The comments in testimony to the House Armed Services Committee are likely to fuel an ongoing debate inside the U.S. government among military, policy and intelligence officials over whether China's military buildup is limited to a future conflict with Taiwan or whether China harbors global military ambitions. Some U.S. officials insist China's buildup of both conventional and nuclear forces is aimed solely at a Taiwan conflict, in which U.S. forces likely would intervene in support of the island. Other officials have said China is seeking global hegemony through a combination of military, economic, political and intelligence power projection that seeks to diminish U.S. influence around the world. "The United States remains the pre-eminent power in the Asia-Pacific, though China's rising influence is changing regional power dynamics in ways that create both challenges and, I think, opportunities," Adm. Willard said. He also disclosed for the first time in the testimony that China is moving ahead with a new anti-ship ballistic missile capable of attacking aircraft carriers hundreds of miles from China's coasts. China also will deploy its own aircraft carrier by 2012 and currently has more than 60 submarines, he said. China is "developing and testing a conventional anti-ship ballistic missile based on the DF-21/CSS-5 medium-range ballistic missile designed specifically to target aircraft carriers," Adm. Willard said in his prepared statement. It was the first time a U.S. official had disclosed that the unique precision guided missile was being tested. Rep. Howard McKeon, California Republican and ranking member of the committee, questioned the admiral about the new space-transiting anti-ship missile and other weapons designed to attack U.S. forces in the Western Pacific. "The China military capacity has been growing by and large unabated for the past 10 to 20 years," Adm. Willard said. "The past 10 years have been pretty dramatic, and as you suggest, this has included investments in what has broadly been termed anti-access capabilities. Area-denial capability is another way to think about it." The new missile is designed to hit targets at extended ranges from the Chinese mainland, and other anti-access weapons include a large number of submarines, new integrated air- and missile-defense capabilities and cyberwarfare and anti-space weapons, Adm. Willard said, noting "all of which we have been monitoring very closely for some years." Adm. Willard said he is confident that U.S. forces would be able to penetrate the new Chinese forces in a conflict and noted that the Pacific Command is working to identify and address shortcomings in countering China's area-denial weapons. China cut off military relations with the Pentagon in October 2008 and again earlier this year to protest U.S. arms sales to Taiwan. Adm. Willard recently formed a special task force to address China's military buildup. Last year, he told reporters that China's military buildup exceeded U.S. intelligence estimates every year for more than a decade, an indirect criticism of what other defense officials have called weak intelligence reports on Beijing's military buildup.