68
III.2.
Hikoyalardagi o‘xshatishlar tarjimasi masalasi
Uxshatish eng qadimgi va badiiy asarlarda ko‘p qo‘llanadigan muxim
tasviriy vositalardan biri bo‘lib, u odatda, ikki narsa yoki voqea-hodisa o‘rtasidagi
o‘xshashlikka asoslangan bo‘ladi. Uxshatish nutqiy hodisa bo‘lib, uning maqsadi
o‘xshatilayotgan vokea-hodisa yoki narsalarning birining belgisi va mohiyatini
ikkinchisining belgi va mohiyati orqali to‘laroq, bo‘rttiribroq ko‘rsatib berishdir.
O‘xshatish dunyoning barcha tillariga hos uslubdir. O‘xshatishlar orqali
qiyoslanadigan tushunchalar istiora (metafora) va metonimiyalarga qaraganda
kitobxon uchun oson qabul qilinadi va soddaroq tasavvur qoldiradi. Atrof
muxitdagi narsa va hodisalarda mavjud bo‘lgan umumiy belgi, xususiyatlarni
ilg‘ay oladigan va ulardagi eng nozik farqlarni ham his qila oladigan yozuvchi
o‘xshatishlardan unumli foydalana oladi. Binobarin, o‘xshatishlar yozuvchining
obrazli fikrlash darajasini ham ko‘rsatadi.
1
Ushbu stilistik usulning moxiyati uning nomidan kelib chiqadi. Hodisa yoki
voqelikning xar-xil bo‘lagiga tegishli ikki tushuncha bir-biri bilan biron bir
xususiyatiga ko‘ra taqqoslanadi.
Bunday o‘xshatishlar o‘zbek tilida a) sifat: o‘xshash, teng, b) ko‘makchilar:
kabi, singari, qadar; v) bog‘lovchilar: go‘yo, go‘yoki, xuddi, g) ravish: aynan, ye)
affikslar: -day, -dek, -simon, -ona, omuz, -cha, -asicha, -larcha ingliz tilida: a) fe’l:
look, like, look seet b) ravish:
Like; v) bog‘lovchilar:
as, as...as such as, as if
(asthouht) kabi o‘xshatish ma’nosini ifodalovchi maxsus til vositalari orqali
yuzaga keladi.
Ingliz tilidan o‘zbek tiliga o‘xshatishning tarjimada berilish yo‘llarini ham
J.Londonning hikoyalari misolida ko‘rib chiqamiz.
Uxshatish ustida so‘z borar ekan, shuni ta’kidlash lozimki, o‘xshatish, istiora
va shu kabi stilistik usullar qatori ikki katta guruxga bo‘linadi. Tildagi
o‘xshatishlarga ko‘pincha insondagi biron xususiyat yoki harakat, ma’lum bir
hayvondagi xuddi shunday belgilar qiyoslanishini misol qilish mumkin. Shuni
69
qayd etish kerakki, bunday o‘xshatishlar millatlararo xususiyatga ega bo‘lib, bir
qancha tillarda mavjud.
31
Bulardan ko‘plari frazeologik birlikka aylanib ketgan. J.Londonning
"Hayotga muhabbat" va "Meksikalik" hikoyalarida yuqoridagi ta’rifni ifodalovchi
o‘xshatishlar ko‘p qo‘llanilgan.
The man watched him go, and though his face was expressionless as ever,
his eyes were like the eyes of a wounded deer (Lol.p.16)
O‘zbek tilida: Uning yuzi avvalgidek xech narsani ifodalamasa-da,
ko‘zlarida yaralangan bugu singari chukur satu aks etdi (Hm.4-bet).
Ne please his pack on the ground and stalked them as a cat stalks a sparrow
(Lol.p.21).
O‘zbek tilida: Keyin u yukini yerga kuyib, xuddi chumchuq poylagan
mushukdek, kakliklarning orqasidan pisib-o‘rmalab bora boshladi (Xm.11-bet).
Ne trow off his pack and went into the rush grass on hands and kness
creeching and munching, like some bovine creature (Lol.p.22).
O‘zbek tilida: U yukini yerga tashladi-da, xuddi kavsh qaytarayottan molga
o‘xshab kavshana-kavshana qamishlar orasidan o‘rmalab ketdi (Xm.12-bet).
It stood crouched, with tail between its legs, like a miserable and woebegone
dog (Lol .p.31).
O‘zbek tilida: Bo‘ri dumini qisib, xuddi tinkasi qurigan it kabi, boshini quyi
solib turardi (Hm.24-bet).
Ne mirth was hoarse and ghastly, like a raven's croak, and the sick wolf
groined him, howling lugubriously (Lol.p.32).
O‘zbek tilida: U xuddi qarg‘aning qag‘illashiga o‘xshagan bo‘g‘iq ovozda
dahshatli qilib kulardi. Kasal bo‘ri ham unga jo‘r bo‘lib xirillagan tovush bilan
uvilladi (Xm.25-bet).
It squirmed along the ground like some monstrous (Lol.p.35).
O‘zbek tilida: U hech narsani eshitmas, hech narsani tushunmas, qum ustida
ulkan qurt singari burilar edi (Hm.25-bet).
31
Мукаррамов M. Узбек тилида ўхшатиш. Т., 1976, 16-бет.
70
They don't love; they threaten; they are savage as a wild tiger's (Mp.89).
O‘zbek tilida: Bu ko‘zlarda sevgi bo‘lishi mumkin emas. Bu ko‘zlar
qo‘rqinchli, yo‘lbars ko‘zlari kabi dahshatli (M.37-bet).
Scores of voices took it up until it was like a war chant of wolves
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