Chapter 5
5
Critical Reasoning: Processes and Patterns
-lanJorgeson
CR questions make up roughly one-third of the Verbal questions on the
GMAT. Superficially, these problems resemble short Reading Comprehen
sion questions. But while reading skills are important for both, there are significant
differences. The most important distinction lies in the goal of each question. Reading
Comprehension is mostly concerned with identifying relevant
pieces of text buried
within the larger passage, while Critical Reasoning asks you to actually do something
to, or with, the important information. For instance, an RC problem might ask what
the author said about a certain topic; a CR problem takes the next step and asks you to
weaken or strengthen the author’s position, identify an underlying assumption of the
argument, or identify a logical flaw in the argument. CR questions might even ask the
test-taker to evaluate an argument or explain a contradictory situation.
Each CR problem is composed of three basic parts; a short passage, which
we will call
the argument; a question; and five answer choices. The passage is known as the argu
ment because, in the classic sense of the word, that is what it is. In most CR passages,
the author presents a point of view (conclusion) and supports it with evidence (prem
ises). The passage may also contain background statements, or even counterpoints, but
the core of most arguments is a conclusion supported by one or more premises.
An expert C R solver follows a specific series of steps— steps that ensure that they are
able to understand the question, identify the relevant information in the argument,
understand the structure of the argument, and efficiently eliminate incorrect answer
choices. While working through these steps, a CR expert is also on the lookout for
patterns they are familiar with that, when recognized, will help them to more quickly
answer the question. These patterns appear in the way the test phrases the question, in
the structure and logic of the argument, and in the answer choices. It should come as
no surprise at this point that the knowledge and recognition of common patterns in
GMAT C R questions can speed up your solving process and increase your accuracy.
But having a solid process that can be applied to each CR problem is even more fun
damental, because the process helps you to recognize the patterns, and because many
questions do not conform to standard patterns.
What follows is a process that can be used to solve any CR problem in a step-by-step,
logical manner. We will also discuss the points in the process when pattern recognition
can help tremendously to increase understanding and efficiency.
Step 1: Read and identify the question.
Step 2: Read and deconstruct the argument.
Step 3: Pause and state the goal.
Step 4: Work from wrong to right.
The Big Picture of GMAT Verbal
114
MANHATTAN
GMAT