M A N H A T T A N
GM AT
The Big Picture of GMAT Quant
Chapter 4
Backup Approaches for Problem Solving
I Back-solving
a. Back-solving is the most applicable, and the most underused, backup ap
proach. When you’re stuck on a tricky Number Properties or Algebra prob
lem, look at the answer choices. Can you use them to work backwards?
i. To back-solve quickly, it is generally best to start with the middle
number (answer choice (C)), so that you will know if you need to
pick a larger or smaller number.
1. If (C) is incorrect and you know the answer must be small
er, try (B); if it does not work, then (A) is your answer.
Likewise, if you know the answer must be larger, try (D); if
it does not work, then (E) is your answer.
ii. Sometimes it is easier to start with the numbers that will be sim
plest to use. For example, if two of the answer choices are complex
fractions, and three are integers, it may be easiest to start with the
integers.
b. Remember, back-solving is a Process of Elimination. You should write out
ABCDE and cross off the incorrect choices as you go.
c. Practice back-solving even when you know the full “textbook” solution to
a problem. It is a valuable skill, and one that you will probably need on test
day.
II Smart Numbers
a. Sometimes the answer choices do not offer numbers that you can plug in,
but you can still plug in numbers. You just need to invent your own.
b. The “Smart Numbers” technique works well for questions when there are
variables in the answer choices. It also works well when the entire prob
lem consists of fractions, percents, or ratios, but when no real numbers are
given.
c. For these types of questions, create a chart, marking the numbers that you
select for each variable. Create a “Target Value.” Plug the Smart Numbers
into the answer choices until you match the Target Value. If you can, plug
in small, distinct prime numbers, as these will give you the least chance of
multiple matches. If you are plugging in the integers 1 or 2, or any integer
that you feel will likely give multiple matches, don’t stop when you get the
first match, but continue to plug your Smart Numbers into every answer
choice. If more than one choice matches, pick new numbers, create a new
Target Value, and test out just those answer choices that remain.
d. For fraction word problems, pick numbers in the following way:
i. If two fractions are given for the same type of item, pick a Smart
Number equal to the common denominator of the fractions in
volved. For example, if told that a small bag of apples is 1/2 full,
GMAT
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