Giorgi baRaTuria

Рецензент - профессор Чиаурели Вано Борисович, Грузинский технический университет
liana sixaruliZe
erovnuli gamocdebi
saqarTveloSi saukuneebis manZilze arsebobs saswavlo-samecniero dawesebulebani, romlebsac kavSiri hqondaT sxva qveynebis analogiur centrebTan. III-IV saukuneebSi qalaq fazisSi (foTSi) yofila filosofiur-ritorikuli akademia, romlis arseboba viciT berZnebisagan, radgan CvenTan waSlilia misi yoveli literaturuli kvali. kolxeTis akademiaSi ganaTleba miuRiaT berZen filisofosebs mama-Svils evgeniossa da Temistioss. erTaderTi cnoba akademiis Sesaxeb Temistiosis werilSi daculi; Tu ra enaze mimdinareobda swavleba. samwuxarod araferia naTqvami rogorc akad. s. yauxCiSvili aRniSnavs raki foTis maxloblad iseTi ritorikuli skola moipoveboda, sadac bizantiidan warmogzavnili axalgazrdebi swavlobdnen, TvisTavad igulisxmeba, rom kolxeTis teritoriaze saswavlebeli daarsebuli iqneboda ara marto ucxoelebisaTvis, aramed pirvel rigSi adgilobrivi kolxebisaTvis.
me-8 saukunis naxevridan me-10 saukunis dasasrulamde tao-klarjeTi xdeba savane qarTuli kulturisa da ganaTlebisa. swored aq daiwyo da gaerTianda mTeli saqarTvelo bagrationTa dinastiis meTaurobiT. bagrat III-is Semdeg centralizebuli xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisaTvis brZola sabolood Zlieri monarqiuli xelisuflebis SeqmniT dasrulda daviT aRmaSeneblis dros da aqedan iwyeba gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos oqros xana.
qveynis gaerTianebam saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxareebis ekonomikur daaxloebas Seuwyo xeli. misi erTiani istoriis dawerac moiTxova da me-11 saukunis meore naxevarSi safuZveli Caeyara “qarTlis cxovrebis” Seqmnas.
saqarTveloSi kulturis saerTo donis ganviTarebas swavla-ganaTlebis saqmis aRmavlobac kvaldakval mohyveboda. me-11-12 saukuneebSi eklesia monastrebTan arsebuli skolebi erT-erTi oficialuri saxis skolebi iyo. aseve am droisaTvis gavrcelebuli yofila tradiciuli kerZo saxis saSinao swavlebac.
vinaidan me-5 saukunidan me-12 saukunemde saqarTveloSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis centri ar arsebobda, swavlis msurveli didgvarovnebi ukve me-11 saukunidan bizantiaSi miemgzavrebodnen, sadac umaRles ganaTlebas manganis akademiaSi Rebulobdnen, romelic konstantine monomaxma 1045 wels daaarsa konstantinepolSi da romelic mowinave msoflios umaRlesi ganaTlebis kerad iqca.
akademiaSi swavlobdnen sxvadasxva qveynebidan Camosuli axalgazrdebi, romelTa Soris qarTvelebic iyvnen. magaliTad cnobili qarTveli filosofosebi ioane petriwi, arsen iyalToeli, iezikieli, ioane tariWisZe da sxvebi.
saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa da erT mTlian saxelmwifoebriv politikur erTeulad Camoyalibebis Semdeg umaRlesi saswavleblis saWiroeba gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobi gaxda me-12 saukunis dasawyisSi, 1106 wels, mefe daviT aRmaSeneblis iniciativiTa da xelSewyobiT gelaTis akademia daarsda. mematianes gadmocemiT, daviTs gelaTSi samoRvaweod mouwvevia, rogorc saqarTveloSi aseve mis farglebs gareT myofi Rirseuli swavluli xalxi. maT Soris iyo qarTveli filosofosi ioane petriwi.
gelaTis akademias specialuri Tanamdebobis piri xelmZRvanelobda, romelic “moZRvarT-moZRvaris” tituls atarebda da imyofeboda gelaTSi rogorc iq arsebuli akademiis reqtori.
aris cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom umaRlesi saswavlebeli arsebobda iyalToSi akademiis saxiT, romelsac arsen iyalToeli xelmZRvanelobda.
daviT aRmaSeneblis mier ganxorcielebulma reformebma ganamtkica qveynis saSinao da sagareo mdgomareoba, aamaRla misi kulturis done. saxelovani mefis saganmanaTleblo muSaobam SeakavSira erTmaneTs QqarTveli swavlulebi, aaRorZina iyalTosa da gelaTis akademiebi, daiwyo intensiuri samecniero-kvleviTi saqmianoba. qarTuli renesansis epoqis wyaroebSi farTod aris gamoyenebuli Zveli aRmosavleTisa da antikuri qveynebis moazrovneebis – sokrates, platonis, aristoteles da sxva progresuli filosofiur-politikuri moZRvrebebi, ramac asaxva hpova rusTavelis, SavTelis, CaxruxaZis, petriwis, qarTveli istorikosebis nawarmoebebSi, romelTaA warmoSoba Semzadebuli iyo mravalsaukunovani kulturiT. amis naTeli dadasturebaa SoTaArusTavelis ukvdavi “vefxistyaosani”
saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli, roca jer kidev ar arsebobda aRmzrdeloboTi kerebi, mTeli saganmanaTleblo sistema saojaxo, kerZo swavlebaze
iyo dafuZnebuli. mas Semdag rac qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadda, swavleba momdinareobda eklesia-monastrebTan arsebul skolebsa da seminariebSi, sadac safuZveli Caeyara qarTul pedagogikur azrovnebasa da swavla_ganaTlebis saqmes, romelic qveynis materialuri da sulieri Zalebis ganviTarebis mTavar pirobas warmoadgens.
qveyanaSi mimdinare reformebis mniSvnelovani sferoebia ganaTleba, mecniereba da kultura, rac qveynis mosaxleobis socialuri mdgomareobis amsaxveli ZiriTadi indikatorebia.
saqarTveloSi 2004-2005ww arsebuli ganaTlebis sistema dafuZnebuli iyo principze `sayovelTao umaRlesi ganaTleba’’. nelnela daikarga diplomis funqciuri datvirTva. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis winaSe dadga rTuli amocana moemzadebina reforma, romlis umTavresi moTxovna ganaTlebis sistemaSi korufciis aRmofxvra da sistemis mimarT sazogadoebis ndobis aRdgena iqneboda.
axalma kanonebma, erTi mxriv, saganmanaTleblo da samecniero dawesebulebebis
saqmianoba daafuZna demokratiulobis, pasuxismgeblobis da samarTliani konkurentulobis erTian principebze, meore mxriv ki maT kanonierebis CarCoSi moqmedebisTvis sruli avtonomia mianiWa.
saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanonebi:
1. zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb (2005);
2. umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb (2005);
3. profesiuli ganaTlebis Sesaxeb (2007).
Cveni qveynis umaRlesi ganaTlebis reformam saerTaSoriso ganzomileba SeiZina saqarTvelos gawevrianebiT evropuli sauniversiteto sivrcis harmonizaciis farTo procesSi - boloniis procesSi (maisi, 2005). evropis universitetebis erTiani miznebis Sesabamisad saqarTveloSi ukve dainerga samsafexuriani umaRlesi ganaTleba - bakalavriati, magistratura, doqtorantura; kreditebis dagrovebisa da transferis evropuli sistema. saganmanaTleblo struqturebis urTierTSewyobisa da kurukulumis reformirebis mizniT amoqmedda evropuli programa ”Tuningi”. muSavdeba erovnul kvalifikaciaTa CarCo.
saqarTveloSi misaReb gamocdebs Tavad umaRlesi saswavleblebi marTavdnen. milioni dolari ixarjeboda qrTamis saxiT, rac ganaTlebis sistemis biujets aRemateboda. vardebis revoluciis Semdeg gamocxadda, rom misaRebi gamocdebi Catardeboda axali unificirebuli sistemiT. es abiturientebisaTvis moulodneli iyo. mravali maTgani acxadebda rom ar iyo mzad axali testirebuli gamocdebisTvis. Tumca mainc gamoTqvamdnen imeds, rom axali sistema samarTliani mainc iqneboda.
axalma sistemam naTlad daanaxa yvelas rom saWiro iyo Sroma umaRlesSi saswavleblad. Cemi azroT yovelivem Caunerga axalgazrdebs imedi, rom maTi codna dafasdeboda.
udavoa, rom testireba gvaZlevs sakmaod efeqtur instruments, romelic SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli saswavlo procesSi, maT Soris codnis Sesafaseblad. me minda mivaqcio yuradRerba im damangrevel Sedegebs, romlebmac SesaZloa iqonion adgili, Tuki testireba gaxdeba ZiriTadi, miTumetes erTaderTi saSualeba moswavleTa codnis Sesafaseblad, gansakuTrebiT, rodesac an Sefasebaze dayrdnobiT iqneba miRebuli metad mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebani, rogoric aris diplomis gacema, umaRles saswavlebelSi Caricxva da a.S.
Cemi azriT ganaTlebaSi mTavari mizania misi ganviTareba da ganaxleba tradiciebze dayrdnobiT. testirebuli gamokiTxva kargad Seesabameba amerikul nacionalur xasiaTs, mis mentalobas, magram Tu asea testirebulma meTodikam SesaZloa dakargos Tavis neitraloba da gaxdes nacionaluri mentalitetis Secvlis instrumenti.
iqneb swored amaSia axali reformis mizani?
aseve minda aRvniSno rom saswavlo teqnologiaTa Soris testi aris yvelaze sabazro. misi warmoeba amerikaSi ukve didi xania iqca sakmaod momgebian biznesad. arseboben seriozuli kapitalis mqone, testebis mwarmoebeli kompaniebi. iq ki sadac bevri fulia, da dabali donis kvalifikacia, iqmneba yvela piroba korufciisTvis.
StatebSi moxda mTeli rigi skandalebisa im uamrav Secdomebze, romlebmac adgili iqonies moswavleTa testirebuli gamocdebis dros. am faqtebTan dakavSirebiT 1999 wels `niu-iork TaimsSi~ iyo gamoqveynebuli statiebi. skandali ki mdgomareobda imaSi, rom skolelebis garkveulma nawilma, romelmac miiRo daumsaxureblad dabali qulebi, cadad SerCeuli testebisa da Semowmebis araswori meTodikis gamo, ver gadavida Semdeg klasSi. (albaT iqnebodnen moswavleebi romlebmac miiRos ufro maRali qula vidre ekuTvnodaT.) kompania, romelmac testireba Caatara niu-iorkis mTavrobisagan moiTxova 3 milioni. 1998 wels ki 2 milioni. specialistebis azriT msgavsma movlenebma sxva StatebSic iqonia adgili, magram iq dainteresebulma kompaniebma SesZles faqtebis damalva.
am faqtebidan naTlad isaxeba korufciis niSnebi Statebis ganaTlebis sistemaSi.
Tu Tvalyurs mivadevnebT amerikaSi 2000 wlis mimdinare movlenebs, SegviZlia gamovitanoT daskvna, rom aq ukve gaimarTa namdvili antitesturi kampania. amaze metyvelebs 2000 wlis 18 ianvris statia `los-anJelesis TaimsSi~ saxelwodebiT `testireba anadgurebs ganaTlebas”. rogorc Cans amerikis kompaniebi, romlebic ukve kargaven bazars sakuTar qveyanaSi, cdiloben sxva saxelmwifoebis bazris dapyrobas.
unda aRiniSnos is rom saqarTveloSi piriqiT samarTliani, konkurentuli garemos Seqmna da korufciis daZleva reformis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani amocana iyo, romelic sauniversiteto misaRebi gamocdebis centralizebuli modelis SemoRebiT gaxda SesaZlebeli. amisaTvis Seiqmna gamocdebis erovnuli centri. erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis Sedegad umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi Caricxva gamWvirvale da moqnili gaxda, aRmoifxvra korufcia. 2005 wlidan erovnulma gamocdebma momavali Taobis warmodgenebi sruliad Secvala da daafuZna codnis, samarTlianobis, jansaRi konkurentulobis Rirebulebebze.
centralizebuli wesiT yovelwliurad 30-dan 40 aTasamde axalgazrdis codna da unarebi gamoicdeba. amaTgan 15-dan 18 aTasamde studenti xdeba, saukeTesoni ki saxelmwifosgan saswavlo grants iReben. erTianma erovnulma
gamocdebma saerTaSoriso aRiareba moipova, rogorc qveyanaSi korufciis daZlevis efeqturma meqanizmma. mimdinareobs muSaoba magistraturaSi saerTo misaRebi gamocdebis dasanergad. erTiani samagistro gamocdebi, savaraudod 2009 wels Catardeba.
umaRlesi saganamanTleblo sistemis reformirebisas upiratesi amocanebia Cveni umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sinaarsis misadageba saerTaSoriso umaRlesi ganaTlebis SiraarsTan, kursdamTavrebulTa swavlis Sedegebisa da kompetenciebis, profesiuli kvalifikaciis daaxloeba saerTaSoriso moTxovnebTan, akademiuri xarisxebis Tavsebadoba, swavlebisa da kvlevebis integracia, studentTa da profesorTa mobiloba.