Giorgi baRaTuria

Ключевые слова: Советский Союз; Россия; Турция; Мировое Политическое Пространство; Южноый Кавказ; Грузия; Армения; Азербайджан; Сепаратизм; Абхазский Сепаратизм; Осетинский Сепаратизм; Безопасность; Этнические Конфликты; Пятидневная Война; Энергетический Коридор; Положении Вне Игры Геополитический Вес;
Рецензент - профессор Кветенадзе Зураб Жутаевич, Грузинский технический университет
vaJa SubiTiZe, gia talaxaZe
globalizacia _ rogorc ganviTarebadi qveynebis
dakabalebis instrumenti
mesame (ganviTarebadi) samyaros arc erT calke aRebul qveyanaSi globalizacias ar gamouwvevia saerTo keTildReobis zrda.
`globalizaciis doqtrina sxva araferia, Tu ara lamazad SeRebili fasadi, romlis saSualebiTac igi Tavis msxverpls ganviTarebad qveynebSi amSvidebs da misi yuradReba gadaaqvs sxva Temebze, sanam mdidari qveynebi Rarib qveynebs resursebisagan fitaven da iseT mdgomareobaSi agdeben, rom verasodes SeZlon imperiuli Zalebisadmi winaaRmdegobis gaweva _ wers cnobili amerikeli politologi Calmers jonsoni Tavis wignSi `imperiis tkivilebi~. militarizmi, saidumloebiT moculoba da respublikis dasasruli, 2003 weli).
imavdroulad globalistebi arwmuneben xalxs mTel msoflioSi, rom `ganuviTarebeli~ qveynebi TviTonve arian TavianT siRaribeSi damnaSave korufciis, klanurobis da sakuTari Sansebis gamoyenebis uunarobis gamo.
samagierod didi qveynebi Caagoneben Raribi samyaros mosaxleobas, rom Ria bazrebi, Tavisufali vaWroba, yvelas keTildReobas niSnavs, rac ZirSive arasworia da xels aZlevT transnacionalur kompaniebs, romlebmac izrunes saamisod da floben am bazrebiT manipulirebis Zalasa da resursebs. amitomac aris, rom globalizms yvelaze meti momxreebi amerikel ekonomistebsa da politologebSi hyavs.
dResdReisobiT arsebul 25 maRalganviTarebul kapitalistur qveyanas warmatebisaTvis ar miuRwevia globalizaciis mier naqadagebi receptebiT. jer kidev 1841 wels aSS_Si germaniidan emigrirebuli ekonomikis Teoretikosi fridrix listi naSromSi `politikuri ekonomikis nacionaluri sistema~ werda: `vinc maRal simaRleebze mwvervals miaRwia, maTi sayvareli da Tan moxerxebuli triukia im kibis gadagdeba, romlis saSualebiTac isini am simaRleze avidnen, raTa sxvam veravin SeZlos maTsaviT amosvla~ [1:75].
faqtia, rom umniSvnelovanesi industriuli qveynebi _ aSS, iaponia, germania, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, Svecia, belgia, niderlandebi, Sveicaria, industriulad ganaxlebadi qveynebi (samxreT korea, taivani da singapuri) _ yvela maTganma met naklebad erTnairi gziT da saSualebiT miaRwia warmatebas _ esaa ekonomikuri proteqcionizmi. maT sakuTari bazrebi maRali sabaJo tarifebisa da kidev bevri `arasatarifo~ savaWro dabrkolebis Seqmnis gziT gaaZlieres. mag: didma britaneTma Tavisufali vaWroba mxolod 1840 wels dauSva _ rodesac Tavad didi xania iyo msoflios wamyvani qveyana. 1790 wlidan 1940 wlamde aSS msoflioSi baJebiTa da savaWro barierebiT yvelaze ufro dacul makroekonomikas warmoadgenda. erTerTi qveyana, sadac 1970-80-ian wlebSi arc erTi iaponuri manqana ar moZraobda, samxreT korea iyo, romelic am periodSi sakuTari saavtomobilo industriis organizebas iwyebda. TiToeulma am odesRac `ganviTarebadma~ qveyanam sxvadasxva meTodiT moipova progresuli teqnologiebi im qveynebisagan, romlebic maT ganviTarebas uwyobdnen xels, ikvlevda da aanalizebda am teqnologiebs da Semdeg miznobrivad debda investiciebs maT gaumjobesebasa da ganviTarebaSi. saxelmwifo icavda da mxars uWerda warmatebul samamulo sawarmoebs, romlebSic eqsportiorobis potencials xedavda. imisaTvis, rom sakuTari produqciiT CaenacvlebinaT importuli saqoneli, es qveynebi masobrivi subvenciebiT, xSirad xarjianobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe exmarebodnen arakonkurentul adgilobriv kompaniebs.
mokled, msoflioSi arsebuli mcirericxovani (25 qveyana 200-dan) warmatebuli qveynebi zustad imis sawinaaRmdegos akeTebdnen, rac maT globalizaciis TeoretikosTa mixedviT unda gaekeTebinaT, xolo vinc gaatara globalistTa Tezisebi _ `Tavisufali vaWrobis~ SemoReba, komunaluri sawarmoebis gayidva, kapitalis gadaadgilebebze kontrolis moxsna, sakuTari mewarmeebisaTvis privilegiebis gauqmeba da a.S. _ yvelam katastrofuli Sedegi miiRo [1:77]. am qveynebis ricxvSi Sedis saqarTveloc, romlis ekonomika faqtiurad daingra.
1981 wlidan aSS globalizaciis droSiT da mis safarvelqveS axorcielebs sagangebo strategias, romelic 2 miznis realizacias isaxavs miznad: erTi mxriv, aSS cdilobda saxelmwifos mier marTuli kapitalizmis (rogoricaa iaponiaSi) diskreditacias da iaponuri modeliT ganviTarebadi aRmosavleT _ aziuri qveynebidan danarCen msoflioSi am modelis gavrcelebis damuxruWebas. meore mxriv, aSS cdilobda ganviTarebadi, mesame samyaros qveynebis suverenitetis Sesustebas, raTa gaZlierebuliyo maTi damokidebuleba maRalganviTarebul kapitalistur qveynebze, ar momxdariyo maTi erT Zalad organizeba da mdidari qveynebisagan samarTliani savaWro pirobebis moTxovnis wamoyeneba. am strategiis ganxorcielebis berketebad gamoyenebul iqna jer msoflio banki da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, mere ki 1995 wlidan Seqmnili msoflio savaWro organizacia (mso).
realurad ki msoflio banki da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi aSS finansTa saministrodan kontroldebian. orives rezidencia mdebareobs vaSingtonSi or mezobel quCaze (me-19 da `eiC~ quCebze), orive iseT sistemazea dafuZnebuli, rom aq gadawyvetilebebs ver miiReben aSS finansTa ministris Tanxmobis gareSe. 1980-ian wlebSi aSS-ma orive organizacias mianiWa `mesame msoflios~ valebis problemebis mogvarebis prerogativa da misces ori miTiTeba am kuTxiT: pirvel rigSi izruneT imisTvis, rom movale qveynebi TavianTi valebis gastumrebas nawilobriv mainc moemsaxurebian da oficialurad gadaxdis uunarod ar gamoacxadeben Tavs, amasTan, am qveynebs imdeni fuli gamosZaleT, ramdenic SesaZlebelia.
orive Zirmompalma organizaciam siamovnebiT miiRo aRniSnuli instruqcia, ris saSualebiTac maT axali funqcia SeiZines araperspeqtiuli kreditebis gamcemi bankebis sasargeblod fulis amoReba [2:78].
Zalian male mesame samyaros qveynebis umravlesoba moeqca saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis ekonomikuri ideologiis wnexSi da 2000 wlisaTvis 90 saxelmwifo (maT Soris saqarTvelo) vaSingtonis mier gamowerili Sokuri Terapiis farglebSi `struqturulad adaptirebul~ iqna (valden bello).
es qveynebi TavianTi valebis mosamsaxureblad axal kreditebs im SemTxvevaSi miiRebdnen, Tu Seasrulebdnen msoflio bankis da savaluto fondis `rekomendaciebs~ (sinamdvileSi brZanebebs), isini pirvel rigSi iTxoven vaWrobis `liberalizacias~, raSic igulisxmeba ucxoelebisaTvis adgilobriv ekonomikaSi Carevis saSualebebisaTvis yvelanairi barieris moxsna. amis garda, mocemulma qveyanam unda Seamciros jandacvisa da ganaTlebis sferoSi socialuri programebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli xarjebi, raTa sabiujeto saxsrebi gamoTavisuflebul iqnas ucxouri bankebisadmi arsebuli davalianebis mosamsaxureblad. Semdgom xdeba adgilobrivi soflis meurneobisaTvis subvenciebis Sewyvetis iZuleba da amis sapirispirod im agrokoncernebisaTvis daxmarebis gazrda, romlebic awarmoeben yvavilebs an xils. savaluto fondi iTxovs, rom gauqmdes kapitalze kontroli mTeli qveynis masStabiT da ucxoel investorebsa da sawarmoebs mieniWoT ufleba, Seisyidon saxelmwifo mflobelobaSi arsebuli komunaluri sawarmoebi, satelefono da satransporto kompaniebi da nedleulis mompovebeli sawarmoebi (yovelive CamoTvlili saqarTveloSi ukve ucxoelTa xelSia).
magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani albaT mainc Semdegi moTxovnaa: Tuki ganviTarebad qveyanas surs msoflio bankisagan kreditis aReba, man sakuTari valutis (mag. _ laris) konvertabeluroba unda uzrunvelyos. amrigad, es saxelmwifo iZulebuli xdeba, gacvliTi kursis miuxedavad, sakuTari valuta ucxour saangariSsworebo saSualebebze gayidos da amiT misi momavali Rirebulebis ganviTareba saspekulacio operaciebze damokidebuli gaxados. aseTi programebi, rogorc wesi, ise asusteben ama Tu im qveyanas, rom igi perioduli ekonomikuri krizisebiT mocemul kleptokratiad yalibdeba, romelTac win uswrebdnen veluri spekulaciebi (rogorc, magaliTad meqsikaSi 1994-95 wlebSi, tailandSi, samxreT koreasa da indoneziaSi 1997 wels, braziliasa da ruseTSi _ 1998 wels, argentinaSi 2000 da venesuleaSi 2002 wlebSi).
amis garda samuSao bazari damokidebuli xdeba dasavlur koncefciebze, romlebic im momentSi ukve praqtikulad mTeli samomxmareblo saqonlisa da sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis seqtoris erTmaneTSi gayofas aswreben (jon medeli). am politikis arqiteqtori da mTavari mogebuli mxare aSS-ia, mag: 1992-93 wlebSi msoflio bankSi kreditebis sakiTxs wyvetda lourens samersi SemdegSi prezident qlinTonis administraciaSi finansTa ministri da bolos harvardis universitetis prezidenti. swored samersma mouwoda 1991 wlis 12 dekembers memorandumiT industriulad maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis garemos damabinZurebeli kompaniebis mflobelebs TavianTi warmoebebi ganviTarebad qveynebSi gadaetanaT: `me vfiqrob, dabinZurebuli narCenebis Senaxva dabali xelfasebis qveynebSi idealuri variantia~ [1:80]. ase `zrunaven~ ganviTarebad qveynebze ganviTarebuli qveynebi. Sedegebic saTanadoa. Tu 1960-80 wlebSi laTinuri amerikis da karibis auzis qveynebis ekonomika mTlian Sida produqtis maCnevebliT erT sul mosaxleze 75%-iaT gaizarda, 1980-2000 wlebSi _ globalizaciis fazis pikze _ mxolod 6%-iT gaizarda.
nobelis premiis laureati, ekonomisti, msoflio bankis kvlevebis yofili direqtori, iozef Stiglici Semdeg daskvnamde mivida: `SeZlebuli qveynebi, romlebic oficialurad Tavisufal vaWrobas qadageben, ufro xSirad Tavad iyeneben sabaJo gadasaxadebsa da subvenciebs Raribi qveynebidan importis SesazRudad da isini amiT uars amboben Raribi qveynebis saeqsporto SesaZleblobebis realizaciaze, rac maT siRatakisagan Tavis dasaRwevad da ekonomikuri zrdisTvis biZgis misacemad sWirdebaT~ [2:83].
faqtia isic, rom msoflio savaWro organizaciis daarsebis Semdeg (1995w.) msoflioSi siRatake ki ar Semcirda, aramed, piriqiT, ufro Cqara iwyo mateba.
msoflio bankis da savaluto fondis yvelaze TvalsaCino msxverpli gaxda erT dros mdidari da ganviTarebuli qveyana _ argentina.
1991 wlis TebervalSi argentinam gadawyvita sakuTari ekonomikis radikalurad gadakeTeba aSS-is modelis mixedviT. prezidentma karlos menemma ekonomikis ministrad moiwvia harvardis universitetSi ganaTlebamiRebuli ekonomisti domingo kavallo. man argentinis ekonomika masobrivad gaxsna ucxouri investorebisaTvis (rogorc es keTdeba dRes saqarTveloSi) da argentinuli pesos mibma moaxdina amerikul dolarze (1=1). orive valuta Tavisufal brunvaSi iqna gaSvebuli. argentina savaluto fondis neoliberalur savaWro _ ekonomikur principebs da receptebs yvela qveyanaze gulmodgined atarebda cxovrebaSi. 1998 wels argentinuli bankebis 80% ucxoelebs ekuTvnoda. aSS finansTa ministri, zemoTnaxsenebi lourens samersi aqezebda argentinas da qebas ar iSurebda mis mimarT. Tavdapirvelad pesos dolarze mibmam argentinis poziciebi gaaZliera saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi, magram, roca dolaris fasma moimata da konkurentma qveynebma TavianTi valutis kursi dawies, maTi produqcia gaiafda argentinul produqtTan SedarebiT. vinaidan argentinaSi erovnuli masStabiT ganxorcielebuli samewarmeo transaqcirebis didi nawili dolarSi iyo ganxorcielebuli da sabanko angariSebi aseve dolarSi gaxsnili, argentinis mTavrobam ver moaxerxa paritetis gauqmeba. Sedegad argentinuli produqtebi msoflio bazarze gaZvirda da mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda, aeRo kreditebi, rom ekonomika sruli kolafsisagan exsna.
am momentidan argentinam daamyara usiamovno rekordi _ mas kacobriobis istoriaSi udidesi davalianeba daugrovda _ 160 miliardi dolaris odenobiT. qveynis erovnuli Semosavali erT weliwadSi 68% _iT Semcirda, mosaxleobis naxevarze meti, romelic saSualo fenas ekuTvnoda, siRatakis zRvars qveviT aRmoCnda. mTavrobam kvlav savaluto fonds mimarTa daxmarebisaTvis. fondma argentinis maSindel prezidents fernando de la ruas kreditebis winapirobad daudo mkacri sabiujeto ekonomiis kursis gatareba _ xalxi gaaTavisufles sajaro samsaxurebidan (rogorc saqarTveloSi), Semcirda xelfasebisa da pensiebis sidide, gauqmda xelfasebis danamati premiebi. amis Semdeg masobrivma demonstraciebma da policiis terorma qveynis ekonomika TiTqmis daangria. 2000 wlis dekemberSi savaluto fondma argentinas Tanxmoba gamoucxada 40 miliardian kreditze im pirobiT , Tu mTavroba ganagrZobda sagareo valebis momsaxurebas da RaribebisaTvis socialuri daxmarebis Semcirebas. es iseTi pirobebi iyo, romelTa miRebac ukve arc erT mTavrobas ar SeeZlo. momdevno 14 Tvis manZilze qveyanam 5 mTavroba da 6 ekonomikis ministri gamoicvala. radganac argentinis mTavroba savaluto fondis miTiTebebs amjerad ise aRar axorcielebda da vinaidan es qveyana aSS-Tvis nakleb strategiuli mniSvnelobas atarebda (vidre, magaliTad, aseve didi davalianebis mqone TurqeTi), savaluto fondma uari ganucxada argentinas kreditebiT daxmarebaze. Sedegad, argentinaSi inflaciam 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi pirvelad isev miaRwia orniSna ricxvs, pesos Rirebuleba 220%-iT daeca da sazogadoebrivi wesrigi moiSala. sabolood argentina _ laTinuri amerikis es erTi yvelaze ufro mdidari qveyana, warumateblobis saCvenebl magaliTad iqca _ neoliberalizmis, globalizaciisa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wyalobiT.
argentinis magaliTi saqarTvelos xelisuflebisaTvis saeriozul gafrTxilebad unda iqces, Tu ra Sedegebi moaqvs sxvis Wkuaze siaruls, Ria sazRvrebs, Tavisufal vaWrobas, yvela strategiuli obieqtis sxvebze miyidvas, ekonomikuri proteqcionizmis argatarebas da qarTuli biznesisaTvis ardaxmarebas.