Giorgi baRaTuria

germaniis gaerTianeba
didi germaneli filosofosi georg fridrix hegeli werda: `yovel dros imdenad Taviseburi pirobebi gaaCnia da imdenad individualuri viTareba axasiaTebs, rom masSi gadawyvetilebaTa miReba mxolod misganve amosvliT unda moxdes da SesaZlebelia, rom moxdes. msoflios sxvadasxva viTarebaTa WidilSi Cavardnilebs, verafers gviSvelis raime zogadi principi an msgavs viTarebaTa gaxseneba, radgan uferxorco gaxsenebas araviTari Zala ar Seswevs im sicocxlisa da Tavisuflebis pirispir, rac awmyos aqvs.” [5]
awmyo ki romlis winaSec aRmoCndnen germanelebi venis kongresis Semdeg arc Tu ise saxarbielo iyo. 1815 wlis 8 ivnisis aqtis Sesabamisad Seiqmna germaniis kavSiri (1806 wels daSlili saRvTo romis imperiis nacvlad (ger., Heiliges Römisches Reich) [misi oficialuri saxeli iyo “germaneli eris saRvTo romis imperia” (ger., Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation]. es ar iyo saxelmwifo, es iyo germanul saxelmwifoTa konfederaciuli warmonaqmni, romelic aerTianebda 35 germanul saxelmwifosa da 4 `TavisufalQqalaqs” (mcire saxelmwifoTa mizani iyo germaniaSi status-kvos SenarCuneba). kavSiris yvela wevri sargeblobda (teritoriis moculobis miuxedavad) Tanabari uflebebiT. am kavSiris ZiriTad organos warmoadgenda sakavSiro seimi (sruli SemadgenlobiT 69 xma), romelic ikribeboda frankfurtSi iseTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gasawyvetad, rogorebic iyo: 1. germanuli kavSiris ZiriTadi kanonebi, 2. germanuli kavSiris ZiriTadi institutebis Secvla, 3. samarTlebrivi sakiTxebi, 4. religiuri sakiTxebi. da am sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad saWiro iyo sayovelTao Tanxmoba (ZiriTadad ki qvorumi iyo sul 17 xma), romlis miRwevac, interesTa sxvaobis gamo, faqtiurad SeuZlebeli iyo. aqedan gamomdinare germanuli kavSiri iyo mTeli evropis dacinvis obieqti Tavisi sruli ususurobis gamo.
venis kongreszeve dadginda: 1. germaniis teritoriuli gadanawileba _ varSavis sahercogo gadaeca ruseTs, xolo toruni da poznani prusias; krakovi gaxda “Tavisufali qalaqi”; aRmosavleTGgalicia gadaeca avstrias; 2. saqsoniis samefos 2/5 gadaeca prusias. prusiam miiRo agreTve dancingi da SvedeTis pomerania, vestfalia, reinis marcxena sanapiro; 3. bavaria iRebs teritoriul danamatebs, magram frankfurtis hercogi kargavs Tavis sahercogos da frankfurti xdeba “Tavisufali qalaqi”; 4. napoleonis mier mediatizirebuli Tavadebi rCebian mediatizirebulad, magram maT uxdian kompensacias; 5. niderlandebis samefo ierTebs belgiasa da luqsemburgs (Tumca es ukanaskneli xdeba germanuli kavSiris wevri); 6. lombardia da venecia gadaeca avstrias; 7. Slezvingi da holSteini (dasaxlebuli upiratesad germanelebiT) darCa daniis samefos SemadgenlobaSi; 8. 1819 wlis agvistos karlsbadis TaTbiris Semdeg avstrielebisa da rusebis (meternixis da aleqsandre I) mier germanelebisaTvis Tavs moxveuli drakonuli, reaqciuli kanonebi, romlebic miznad isaxavdnen ar daeSvaT germaniis erovnuli erToba da misi erovnuli ganviTareba (sauniversiteto avtonomiis likvidacia, savaldebulo winaswari cenzura presisaTvis, liberaluri kontituciebis gauqmeba [Tumca meternixma, X. 1819 _ VI. 1820 venis TaTbiris msvlelobaSi, ver miaRwia imas, rom gaeuqmebinaT konstituciebi bavariaSi, badenSi, viurtembergSi, hesen-darmStatSi, nasauSi, braunShvaigSi, saqsonia-veimarSi] da sxva).
problemis dramatizmi mdgomareobda agreTve imaSi, rom germaniis kavSiris Tavmjdomares, avstrias, savsebiT awyobda am kavSiris ususuroba, vinaidan germniis kavSiris ususuroba niSnavda avstriisadmi prusiis daqvemdebarebas. miT umetes imitomac, rom XIX saukuneSi prusia gaxda simbolo germanelebis swrafvisa Tavisuflebisa da erovnuli erTianobisaken. qveynis politikuri-ekonomikuri Tavisufleba da erTiani suverenuli saxelmwifos arseboba ki warmoadgens misi Rirseuli ganviTarebisa da arsebobisaTvis aucilebel obieqtur pirobebs. aqedan gamomdinare, “Tavisufleba da erTianoba” warmoadgenda im or jadosnur sityvas, da ra Tqma unda, aucilebel obieqtur pirobas, romlesac unda ganesazRvra germaniisa da misi mosaxleobis keTildReoba da bedniereba. es ki, Tavis mxriv, gacnobierebuli hqondaT rogorc prusielebs aseve avstrielebsac.
meternixma yvelaferi gaakeTa raTa es ar daeSva, magram man ver SesZlo xeli SeeSala germaniaSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da erovnuli burJuaziuli ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis. arCeviTi sakonmdeblo organoebi aRmocendnen hanoverSi, braunSvaigSi, hesenSi, saqsoniaSi. xolo viurtembergSi, hesensa da koburgSi gauqmebuli iyo batonymoba da sabatono begara Seicvala, ufro produqtiuli, daqiravebuli mojamagiris SromiT. swrafi tempebiT viTardeba samrewvelo (gansakuTrebiT prusiaSi, reinis olqSi) da saerTod kapitalisturi warmoeba, yalibdeba saerTogermanuli bazari.
1834 wels Camoyalibda egreT wodebuli “sabaJo kavSiri” (ger., Zollverein), romelic aerTianebda prusias (xelmZRvaneli), bavarias da kidev 16 germanul samTavros (avstria ar iyo am kvSiris wevri). prusia xdeba mTeli CrdiloeT germaniis ekonomikuri birTvi. es aisaxa fuladi mimoqcevis sferozec.
1857 wels, savaWro operaciebis gamartivebis mizniT germaniaSi SemoiRes erTiani, egreT wodebuli “sakavSiro taleri” (Vereinstaler), romelmac gaauqma manamde arsebuli yvela samoneto wesdeba da gaaerTiana CrdiloeT da samxreT germaniis saxelmwifoebis samoneto sistemebi.
1871 wels, germaniis II imperiis gamocxadebis Semdeg, taleri, rogorc ZiriTadi fuladi erTeuli Secvala markam (2 790 marka=1kg. oqros) (3 marka=1 talers), Tumca XX saukunis 30-ian wlebamde germanul 3 markis Rirsebis monetas kvlavac uwodebdnen talers.
im obieqturi da subieqturi faqtorebidan, romlebic amzadebdnen niadags qveynis politikuri erTianobisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia uaRresad niWieri, patiosani, qveynis usazRvrod erTguli, WeSmariti patriotebis didebuli gundis saqmianoba. isini gaxldnen saxelmwifos marTvisa da politikis inovaciuri strateguli dagegmvis didostatebi. maT mier praqtikulad realizebuli meTodebis erToblioba (dRes mas uwodeben stategiuli dagegmvis mecnierebas) SemdgomSi safuZvlad daedo bevri evropuli da araevropuli qveynis saxelmwifoebriv aRmSeneblobas.
am gundidan unda aRiniSnos: Ggerhard iohan david fon Sarnhorsti (ger., Gerhard Johann David von Scharnhorst) (1755-1813) prusieli samxedro moRvawe da reformatori, prusiis generaluri Stabis I meTauri (1807-1810); karl filip gotlib fon klauzevici (ger., Carl Philipp Gottlieb von Clausewitz) (1780-1831), germaneli samxedro Teoretikosi da mwerali; helmut karlBbernhard fon moltke (ger., Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke) (1800-1891), germaneli saxelmwifo da samxedro moRvawe, generalfeldmarSali, samxedro Teoretikosi, prusiis generaluri Stabis meTauri (1857-1888); albert Teodor emil grafi fon rooni (ger., Albrecht Theodor Emil Graf von Roon)(1803-1879), germaneli samxedro da saxelmwifo moRvawe; oto eduard leopold fon bismarki-Senhauzeni (ger., Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck-Schönhausen) (1815-1898), germaneli saxelmwifo moRvawe da diplomati, germaniis II raixis damaarsebeli da misi pirveli raixskancleri (1871-1890).
am germanel patriotTa TanavarskvlavedSi, oto fon bismarki iyo is avtoriteti, romelmac TvisebiTi roli iTamaSa politikur procesebsa da situaciebSi. misi, rogorc lideris Camoyalibebisa da funqcionirebis procesi warmoadgenda obieqtur da universalur movlenas. riT iyo es ganpirobebuli? obieqturi - imitom, rom nebismieri erToblivi moRvaweoba saWiroebs organizacias, dagegmvas, strategiasa da taqtikas, anu miznis misaRwevad yvelaze racionaluri da misaRebi gzebis SemuSavebas. zogadad, am funqcias asrulebs adamiani, visic sjeraT, energiuli da maRali aqtiurobiT gamorCeuli avtoritetuli pirovneba. swored aseTi pirovneba iyo oto fon bismarki. xolo universaluri - ki imitom, rom lideri saWiroa adamianTa erToblivi moRvaweobis nebismier sferoSi.
oto fon bismarki warmoadgenda Tavisi epoqis produqts. am epoqis ganviTarebisa da cvalebadobis kanonebi, Taviseburebani ayalibeben mas, rogorc gansakuTrebuli niSan-Tvisebebis mqone fenomens.
igi ar Semoifargleboda marto zogadi da gansakuTrebuli niSnebiT. mas axasiaTebda agreTve mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli individualuri niSnebi, romlebic mravali sxvadasxvagvari faqtorebiT ganisazRvreboda. misi individualuri Taviseburebebis Camoyalibebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdendnen is urTierTobebi, romlebic misi cxovrebis socialur-politikur sarbielze yalibdebodnen.
oto fon bismarki ar iyo ubralo "obivateli", romelic xelmZRvanelobas uwevda politikur procesebs, an axorcielebda am patriotuli moZraobis marTvis funqciebs. bismarki, upirveles yovlisa, iyo is moRvawe, romelsac Seswevda unari Seecvala politikuri procesebis mimarTuleba da msvleloba.
yovel istoriul epoqaSi politikuri lideris mier warmodgenili programebi gansazRvraven sazogadoebis istoriuli ganviTarebis msvlelobas. sazogadoebriv procesebze misi zegavlena dafuZnebulia garkveuli cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis istoriul aucileblobaze.
oto fon bismarkis, rogorc lideris Tvisebebidan da maxasiaTeblebidan, Cveni azriT, SeiZleba gamoiyos: warmosaxvis Zala, socialur xdomilebaTa winaswar ganWvretisa da gaTvaliswinebis unari, moqniloba, mravalmxrivoba, TavSekavebis unari, gonivruloba, enTuziazmi, gambedaoba, xasiaTis simtkice, Seupovroba, Tavdajerebuloba da swori (adekvaturi) gadawyvetilebis miRebis unari, Zlieri nebisyofa, SedarebiT farTo erudicia, dajerebulobisa da rwmenis katoniseuli Zalmosileba, pasuxismgebloba da valdebuleba.
dabolos, Cveni azriT, oto fon bismarkis, rogorc politikuri lideris upirvelesi da umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTebeli gaxldaT misi erovnuli xasiaTi. igi iyo amaRlebuli suliskveTebiT gaJRenTili WeSmariti eriskaci, germanuli cxovrebis wesis medroSe da mesveuri, pirveli valdebuli germaneli erisa da misi momavlis winaSe, didi socialuri pasuxismgeblobis mqone mamuliSvili, romelsac gacnobierebuli hqonda WeSmariteba, "rom igi ganuyofeli nawilia mTeli erisa da amitomac, Tavis keTildReobas unda eZebdes marto mTeli eris keTildReobaSi da ara calke". [6]
bismarkma STaunerga germanel ers rwmena da optimizmi, daexmara mas daeZlia arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsi, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis im eqstremalur pirobebSi, rodesac dakarguli iyo Zveli RirebulebiTi orientirebi. im konkretuli istoriuli periodisaTvis moaxdina fundamenturi erovnuli Rirebulebebis personificireba germaniis istoriasTan, tradiciebTan da zne-CveulebebTan sabaziso aqtualuri interesebis dakavSirebis gziT. man gamoavlina: qcevisa da azrovnebis principulad axali modelis Seqmnis xelovneba, romelic tiraJirebuli da gavrcelebuli iqneba mTel sazogadoebaSi; eqstremalur situaciaSi gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi biurokratiuli procedurebis CarCoebidan gamosvlisaTvis mzadyofna.
bismarkis, rogorc erovnuli politikuri lideris funqciebi mraval wilad ganpirobebuli iyo im miznebiT, situaciiTa da garemoTi, romelSic mas uxdeboda moqmedeba. situacia iyo krizisuli, xolo mizani ki - moqmedebis programa da misi cxovrebaSi ganxorcieleba. germaniis krizisidan gamoyvanisaTvis man Seasrula sami ZiriTadi funqcia: 1) analitikuri funqcia, anu arsebuli situaciis warmomSobi mizezebis Rrma da yovelmxrivi analizi, obieqturi da subieqturi faqtorebisa da realobis erTobliobis Seswavla; 2) moqmedebis programis SemuSaveba, romlis SesrulebaSi did rols TamaSobda, misi rogorc lideris iseTi pirovnuli Tvisebebi, rogoricaa: energiuloba, Wkua, intuicia, simamace, Tavis Tavze meti pasuxismgeblobis aRebis unari; 3) miRebuli programis SesrulebisaTvis mTeli germaniis mobilizeba. aq bevri ram damokidebuli iyo mis komunikabelobaze, mis unarze daemyarebina kontaqtebi rac SeiZleba ufro farTo politikur speqtrTan, daerwmunebina da Tavis mxareze gadaebirebina meryevi pirovnebebi.
man Segnebulad Semoitana germaniis politikuri mowyobis konstruqciuli ideebi, risTvisac SemuSava saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTarebis axali politikuri programebi da strategiuli gegmebi; ganaxorciela politikuri struqturis reorganizacia da ganaxleba, strategiuli prioritetebisa da maTi miRwevis taqtikuri saSualebebisa da meTodebis dasabuTeba. aq erT moments unda gaesvas xazi: nebismieri politikuri gadawyvetileba unda yofiliyo Rrmad gaazrebuli da skrupulozurad gaanalizebuli mravalvariantulobis safuZvelze, rameTu politikis sfero warmoadgens risk-faqtoris saxis moRvaweobas da exeba milionobiT adamianis beds. saerTo erovnuli miznebisa da programebis warmoCineba ki moiTxovda socialuri, materialuri, safinanso da politikuri resursebis realizaciis yovelmxriv analizs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi raime sakiTxSi codnis ukmarisobas SeiZleba gamoewvia gamiznuli sacialuri moqmedebis gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegi da qveyana kvlav aRmoCndeboda umZimesi politikuri da ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi.
bismarkma moaxerxa eris moTxovnilebebisa da interesebis mTeli speqtris asaxva ara marto saxelisuflebo manifestebsa da programebSi, aramed maT praqtikul realizaciaSic. igi iyo erovnuli ideebisa da ganwyobis Taviseburi akumulatori, eris sasicocxlo miswrafebebisa da survilebis gamomxatveli. misi, rogorc lideris fenomenis mTavar azrsa da daniSnulebas xom eris samsaxuri warmoadgenda, eris Semadgeneli yvela socialuri jgufis interesebis gamoxatva. swored amitom SeuZlebeli iyo progresuli da awondawonili politikis gatareba eris interesebisa da moTxovnilebebis, samarTlianobis, mSvidobis, usafrTxoebis, keTildReobisa da Tavisuflebisaken misi swrafvis yovelmxrivi gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. igi yuradRebiT akvirdeboda da swavlobda gardaqmnili cxovrebis mudmivad cvalebad sazogadoebriv ganwyobasa da azrs, raTa ar dauSva germaneli eris gaucxoeba qveynis politikuri xelmZRvanelobisagan.
oto fon bismarks upirveles yovlisa gacnobierebuli hqonda Tu visTvis xorcieldeboda es ganaxlebis inicireba da ris fasad. man mSvenivrad icoda _ imisaTvis, rom moaxdinos eris optimizmisa da socialuri energiis generireba, eris warmarTva da organizeba, sakmarisi ar aris marto gankargulebebisa da brZanebebis gacema. saWiroa adeptebis darazmva da organizatoruli niWisa da marTvis unaris mqone, kompetenturi erovnuli kadrebis formireba.
kadrebis sakiTxi ar wydeba martivi meqanikuri gadaadgilebebiT an ubralo kenWisyriT. saxelmwifoebrivi aRmSeneblobisaTvis saWiro erovnuli kadrebi moZiebuli da skrupulozurad iyvnen momzadebuli momavali profesionaluri saqmianobisaTvis Sesabamis saswavlo dawesebulebebSi. aRniSnuli problemis yuradsaRebi analizi mocemuli aqvs ilia WavWavaZes: “1870 wels, rodesac germaniam Tavs-zari dasca minamde TiTqmis uZlevels safrangeTs da saca Sexvda, bre gaadina, sTqves, rom germaniis skolis maswavlebelma sZlia safrangeTsa da daamarcxao. amiT imis Tqma undodaT, rom uxvad mofenilma da kargad mowyobilma skolebma da swavla-ganaTlebam germaniisam misca ers is sulieri da xorcieli Zal-Rone, romelmac Sehmusra safrangeTi. mas aqeT germaniam axla sxva gzaze iCina Tavisi Zlevamosileba da winsvla imave RonisZiebebiT. aqac, rogorc etyoba, mizezi Zlevamosilebisa igive skolis maswavlebelia, igive swavla da ganaTlebaa.”[7]
georg fridrix hegeli werda:“mmarTvelebs, saxelmwifo moRvaweebs, xalxebs, Cveulebriv, istoriis gamocdilebaze miuTiTeben xolme, raTa Wkua misgan aswavlon, magram istoria da misi gamocdileba mxolod imas gvaswavlian, rom arc xalxebs da arc maT mTavrobebs arasodes istoriisagan raime ar uswavliaT da arasodes moqceulan im moZRvrebaTa Sesabamisad, romlebic istoriuli gamocdilebidan unda gamoetanaT daskvnebis saxiT...“[8]
da marTlac, sul male bismarkis briyvma memkvidreebma (II raihis III kaizerma vilhem II, romelsac surda rom `yovel naTlobaze naTlia yofiliyo, yovel qorwilSi _ nefe, yovel dakrZalvaze _ micvalebuli~ da `aTaswlovani” III raihis I fiurerma, adolf hitlerma) or msoflio omSi gaaniaves bismarkis mier gaerTianebuli, monoliTuri germanuli saxelmwifos miwebi.