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Stock options continue to grow in popularity as a means of compensating top
managers. Options are seen as a means of aligning the interests of the manager with
those of the stockholders, and given that they do not cost the organization much (other
than some possible dilution of stock values), they will probably be even more popular in
the future. In fact, a recent study by KPMG Peat Marwick indicates that for senior man-
agement whose salary exceeds $250,000, stock options represent the largest share of the
salary mix (relative to salary and other incentives). Furthermore, when we consider all of
top management (annual salary over $750,000), stock options comprise a full 60 percent
of their total compensation. And the Peat Marwick report indicates that even among
exempt employees at the $35,000-a-year level, stock options represent 13 percent of total
compensation.
But events in recent years have raised serious questions about the use of stock options
as incentives for executives. For example, several executives at Enron allegedly withheld
critical financial information from the markets, cashed in their stock options (while
Enron stock was trading at $80 a share), and then watched as the financial information
was made public and the stock fell to less than $1 a share. Of course, such actions
(if proven) are illegal, but they raise questions in the public’s mind about the role of
stock options and about the way organizations treat stock options from an accounting
perspective. Most organizations have not treated stock options as liabilities, even though,
when exercised, they are exactly that. There is concern that by not carrying stock options
as liabilities, the managers are overstating the value of the company, which, of course,
can help raise the stock price. Finally, when stock markets generally fell during the
middle of 2002, many executives found that their options were worthless because the
price of the stock fell below the option price. When stock options go “underwater” in
this way, they have no value to anyone.
Aside from stock option plans, other kinds of executive compensation are also used by
some companies. Among the more popular are perquisites such as memberships in private
clubs, access to company recreational facilities, and similar considerations. Some organiza-
tions also make available to senior executives low- or no-interest loans. These are often
given to new executives whom the company is hiring from other companies and serve as
an incentive for the individual to leave his or her current job to join a new organization.
Kraft Food’s Irene Rosenfeld received slightly more than $400,000 in other compensation
during 2013 for things such as perks and payment of life insurance.
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