Fundamentals of Management, 8th ed



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F I G U R E 1 0 . 4

The Expectancy Model of Motivation

The expectancy model of motivation is a complex but relatively accurate portrayal of

how motivation occurs. According to this model, a manager must understand what

employees want (such as pay, promotions, or status) to begin to motivate them.



effort-

to-performance

expectancy

The individual’s

perception of the

probability that effort

will lead to high

performance



performance-

to-outcome

expectancy

The individual’s

perception that

performance will

lead to a specific

outcome


outcomes

Consequences of

behaviors in an

organizational

setting, usually

rewards


valence

An index of how

much an individual

values a particular

outcome; the

attractiveness of the

outcome to the

individual



300

Part 4: Leading

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).

Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.



a negative valence. For a different employee, one with a low need for achievement and a

high need for affiliation, the pay raise, promotions, and praise might all have positive

valences, whereas both resentment and stress could have negative valences.

For motivated behavior to occur, three conditions must be met. First, the effort-

to-performance must be greater than 0 (the individual must believe that if effort is

expended, high performance will result). The performance-to-outcome expectancy must

also be greater than 0 (the individual must believe that if high performance is achieved,

certain outcomes will follow). And the sum of the valences for the outcomes must be

greater than 0. (One or more outcomes may have negative valences if they are more

than offset by the positive valences of other outcomes. For example, the attractiveness

of a pay raise, a promotion, and praise from the boss may outweigh the unattractiveness

of more stress and resentment from coworkers.) Expectancy theory suggests that when

these conditions are met, the individual is motivated to expend effort.

Starbucks credits its unique stock ownership program with maintaining a dedicated

and motivated workforce. Based on the fundamental concepts of expectancy theory,

Starbucks employees earn stock as a function of their seniority and performance. Thus,

their hard work helps them earn shares of ownership in the company.

15


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