Fundamentals of Management, 8th ed


Needs General Examples



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Needs

General Examples

Organizational Examples

job


Challenging

title


at work

plan


salary

F I G U R E 1 0 . 2

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow’s hierarchy suggests that human needs can be classified into five categories

and that these categories can be arranged in a hierarchy of importance. A manager

should understand that an employee may not be satisfied with only a salary and

benefits; he or she may also need challenging job opportunities to experience self-

growth and satisfaction.

Source: Adapted from Abraham H. Maslow, “A Theory of Human Motivation,”

Psychology Review, 1943, Vol. 50, pp. 370–396.

Maslow’s hierarchy

of needs

Suggests that people

must satisfy five

groups of needs in

order—

physiological,



security,

belongingness,

esteem, and self-

actualization



296

Part 4: Leading

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Esteem needs actually comprise two different sets of needs: the need for a positive self-

image and self-respect and the need for recognition and respect from others. A manager

can help address these needs by providing a variety of extrinsic symbols of accomplish-

ment, such as job titles, nice offices, and similar rewards as appropriate. At a more

intrinsic level, the manager can provide challenging job assignments and opportunities

for the employee to feel a sense of accomplishment.

At the top of the hierarchy are the self-actualization needs. These involve realizing

one’s potential for continued growth and individual development. The self-actualization

needs are perhaps the most difficult for a manager to address. In fact, it can be argued

that these needs must be met entirely from within the individual. But a manager can

help by promoting a culture wherein self-actualization is possible. For instance, a

manager could give employees a chance to participate in making decisions about their

work and the opportunity to learn new things.

Maslow suggests that the five need categories constitute a hierarchy. An individual is

motivated first and foremost to satisfy physiological needs. As long as they remain unsat-

isfied, the individual is motivated to fulfill only them. When satisfaction of physiological

needs is achieved, they cease to act as primary motivational factors, and the individual

moves “up” the hierarchy and becomes concerned with security needs. This process con-

tinues until the individual reaches the self-actualization level. Maslow’s concept of the

needs hierarchy has a certain intuitive logic and has been accepted by many managers.

But research has revealed certain shortcomings and defects in the theory. Some research

has found that five levels of need are not always present and that the order of the levels

is not always the same, as postulated by Maslow.

7

In addition, people from different



cultures are likely to have different need categories and hierarchies.


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