Fundamentals of Management, 8th ed



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management english

Machiavellianism

is another important personality trait. This concept is named

after Niccolò Machiavelli, a sixteenth-century Italian political philosopher. In his book

entitled The Prince, Machiavelli explained how the nobility could more easily gain and

use power. Machiavellianism is now used to describe behavior directed at gaining

power and controlling the behavior of others. Research suggests that Machiavellianism

is a personality trait that varies from person to person. Individuals who are more

locus of control

The degree to which

an individual

believes that his or

her behavior has a

direct impact on the

consequences of that

behavior


self-efficacy

An individual’s

beliefs about his or

her capabilities to

perform a task

authoritarianism

The extent to which

an individual

believes that power

and status

differences are

appropriate within

hierarchical social

systems like

organizations



Machiavellianism

Behavior directed at

gaining power and

controlling the

behavior of others

Chapter 9: Basic Elements of Individual Behavior in Organizations

2 6 7

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).

Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.



Machiavellian tend to be rational and nonemotional, may be willing to lie to attain

their personal goals, may put little weight on loyalty and friendship, and may enjoy

manipulating others’ behavior. Individuals who are less Machiavellian are more emotional,

are less willing to lie to succeed, value loyalty and friendship highly, and get little personal

pleasure from manipulating others.

Self-esteem

is the extent to which a person believes that she is a worthwhile and

deserving individual.

12

A person with high self-esteem is more likely to seek high-



status jobs, be more confident in her ability to achieve higher levels of performance,

and derive greater intrinsic satisfaction from her accomplishments. In contrast, a per-

son with less self-esteem may be more content to remain in a lower-level job, be less

confident of his ability, and focus more on extrinsic rewards. Among the major per-

sonality dimensions, self-esteem is the one that has been most widely studied in

other countries. Although more research is clearly needed, the published evidence

suggests that self-esteem as a personality trait does indeed exist in a variety of coun-

tries and that its role in organizations is reasonably important across different

cultures.

13

Risk propensity

is the degree to which an individual is willing to take chances and

make risky decisions. A manager with a high risk propensity, for example, might be

expected to experiment with new ideas and gamble on new products. She might also

lead the organization in new and different directions. This manager might also be a cat-

alyst for innovation. On the other hand, the same individual might also jeopardize the

continued well-being of the organization if the risky decisions prove to be bad ones. A

manager with low risk propensity might lead to a stagnant and overly conservative orga-

nization or help the organization successfully weather turbulent and unpredictable times

by maintaining stability and calm. Thus, the potential consequences of risk propensity to

an organization are heavily dependent on that organization’s environment.




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