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routinely threaten and undermine the financial stability and, ultimately, [the] well-
being of the employees.”
Responding to the backlash against Mackey’s WSJ piece, the WFM Customer
Communications Team hastened to point out that “our team members vote on
our plan … to make sure they continue to have a voice in our benefits.”
Mackey’s intent, said the press release, “was to express his personal opinions—
not those of Whole Foods Market team members or our company as a whole.”
The release also offered an apology for having “offended some of our
customers,” but for many onetime WFM loyalists, the apology was too little too
late. “I will no longer be shopping at Whole Foods,” announced one New Jersey
shopper, explaining that “a CEO should take care that if he speaks about politics,
his beliefs reflect at least the majority of his clients.” In fact, WFM had become, in
the words of one reporter, “the granola set’s chain of choice,” and much of its
customer base consists of people whose opinions on such issues as health-care
reform are quite different from Mackey’s. His WSJ article, declared a contributor
to the company’s online forum, was “an absolute slap in the face to the millions
of progressive-minded consumers that have made [Whole Foods] what it is
today.”
The potential repercussions weren’t lost on the WFM board. In late August,
following the appearance of the WSJ op-ed piece, shareholder activists called for
Mackey’s removal. The CEO, they charged, had “attempted to capitalize on the
brand reputation of Whole Foods to champion his personal political views but
has instead deeply offended a key segment of Whole Foods consumer base.”
The company’s stock had also slipped 30 percent over the previous five-year
period. The board eventually compromised by convincing Mackey to step down
as chairman of the board.
1
Obviously, managers can’t always motivate people to perform in ways that are in the best
interests of the organization. But managers are responsible for encouraging high perfor-
mance from their employees, so it’s always worthwhile trying to figure out what makes
employees more (or less) productive. Whether it’s pay, benefits, or job security, the issue
almost invariably comes down to motivation, which is the subject of this chapter. We
first examine the nature of employee motivation and then explore the major perspectives
on motivation. Newly emerging approaches are then discussed. We conclude with a
description of rewards and their role in motivation.
THE NATURE OF MOTIVATION
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