this view, when an individual first encounters a stressor, the GAS is initiated, and stage
1, alarm, is activated. He may feel panic, wonder how to cope, and feel helpless. For
example, suppose a manager is told to prepare a detailed evaluation of a plan by his
firm to buy one of its competitors. His first reaction may be, “How will I ever get this
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If the stressor is too intense, the individual may feel unable to cope and never really
try to respond to its demands. In most cases, however, after a short period of alarm, the
individual gathers some strength and starts to resist the negative effects of the stressor.
For example, the manager with the evaluation to write may calm down, call home to say
he is working late, roll up his sleeves, order out for coffee, and get to work. Thus, at stage
2 of the GAS, the person is resisting the effects of the stressor.
In many cases, the resistance phase may end the GAS. If the manager is able to com-
plete the evaluation earlier than expected, he may drop it in his briefcase, smile to himself,
and head home tired but satisfied. On the other hand, prolonged exposure to a stressor
without resolution may bring on stage 3 of the GAS—exhaustion. At this stage, the indi-
vidual literally gives up and can no longer resist the stressor. The manager, for example,
might fall asleep at his desk at 3:00 a.m. and never finish the evaluation.
We should note that stress is not all bad. In the absence of stress, we may experience
lethargy and stagnation. An optimal level of stress, on the other hand, can result in moti-
vation and excitement. Too much stress, however, can have negative consequences. It is
also important to understand that stress can be caused by “good” as well as “bad” things.
Excessive pressure, unreasonable demands on our time, and bad news can all cause
stress. But even receiving a bonus and then having to decide what to do with the
money can be stressful. So, too, can receiving a promotion, gaining recognition, and sim-
ilar good things.
One important line of thinking about stress focuses on
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