Planned Versus Reactive Change
Some change is planned well in advance; other change comes about as a reaction to
unexpected events.
Planned change
is designed and implemented in an orderly and
timely fashion in anticipation of future events.
Reactive change
is a piecemeal response to
circumstances as they develop. Because reactive change may be hurried, the potential for
poorly conceived and executed change is increased. Planned change is almost always prefer-
able to reactive change.
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Georgia-Pacific, a large forest products business, is an excellent example of a firm that
went through a planned and well-managed change process. When A. D. Correll became
CEO, he quickly became alarmed at the firm’s high accident rate—9 serious injuries per
100 employees each year, and 26 deaths during the most recent 5-year period. Although
the forest products business is inherently dangerous, Correll believed that the accident rate
was far too high and set out on a major change effort to improve things. He and other top
managers developed a multistage change program intended to educate workers about safety,
improve safety equipment in the plant, and eliminate a long-standing part of the firm’s
culture that made injuries almost a badge of courage. As a result, Georgia-Pacific achieved
the best safety record in the industry, with relatively few injuries.
On the other hand, Caterpillar was caught flat-footed by a worldwide recession in the
construction industry, suffered enormous losses, and took several years to recover. Had
managers at Caterpillar anticipated the need for change earlier, they might have been
able to respond more quickly. The importance of approaching change from a planned
perspective is reinforced by the frequency of organization change. Most companies or
divisions of large companies implement some form of moderate change at least every
year and one or more major changes every four to five years. Managers who sit
back and respond only when they have to are likely to spend a lot of time hastily chang-
ing and rechanging things. A more effective approach is to anticipate forces urging
change and plan ahead to deal with them.
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MANAGING CHANGE IN ORGANIZATIONS
Organization change is a complex phenomenon. A manager cannot simply wave a wand
and implement a planned change like magic. Instead, any change must be systematic and
logical to have a realistic opportunity to succeed.
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To carry this off, the manager needs to
understand the steps of effective change and how to counter employee resistance to
change.
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planned change
Change that is
designed and
implemented in an
orderly and timely
fashion in anti-
cipation of future
events
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