Fundamentals of Management, 8th ed

Building Effective Time Management Skills 286

Skills Self-Assessment Instrument 286

Experiential Exercise 287

Management at Work 287

You Make the Call: Putting In the Hours 289

Endnotes 289

C H A P T E R 1 0

Managing Employee Motivation and Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

The Nature of Motivation 294

Content Perspectives on Motivation 295

The Needs Hierarchy Approach

296

The Two-Factor Theory

297

Individual Human Needs

298

Process Perspectives on Motivation 299

xiv

Contents

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Expectancy Theory

299

Effort-to-Performance Expectancy,

300 • Performance-to-Outcome Expectancy,

300

• Outcomes and Valences,

300 • The Porter–Lawler Extension,

301

Equity Theory

302

Goal-Setting Theory

302

Goal Difficulty,

303 • Goal Specificity,

303