Types of Budgets
Most organizations
develop and make use of three kinds of
budgets—financial, operating, and nonmonetary. Table 14.1 summarizes the characteris-
tics of each of these.
A financial budget indicates where the organization expects to get its cash for the
coming time period and how it plans to use it. Because financial resources are critically
important, the organization needs to know where those resources will be coming from
and how they are to be used. The financial budget provides answers to both these ques-
tions. Usual sources of cash include sales revenue, short- and long-term loans, the sale of
assets, and the issuance of new stock.
For years, Exxon was very conservative in its capital budgeting. As a result, the firm
amassed a huge financial reserve but was being overtaken in sales by Royal Dutch/Shell
Group. But executives at Exxon were then able to use their reserves to help finance the
firm’s merger with Mobil, creating ExxonMobil, and to regain the number-one sales
position. Since that time, the firm has become more aggressive in capital budgeting to
stay ahead of its European rival.
An operating budget is concerned with planned operations within the organization.
It outlines what quantities of products or services the organization intends to create
and what resources will be used to create them. IBM creates an operating budget that
specifies how many of each model of its personal computers will be produced each
quarter.
A nonmonetary budget is simply a budget expressed in nonfinancial terms, such as
units of output, hours of direct labor, machine hours, or square-foot allocations. Non-
monetary budgets are most commonly used by managers at the lower levels of an orga-
nization. For example, a plant manager can schedule work more effectively knowing that
he or she has 9,000 labor hours to allocate in a week, rather than trying to determine
how to best spend $96,485 in wages in a week.
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Weak financial control can be devastating to a business, especially
when economic conditions change. General Motors, for example,
did not have sufficient financial reserves to weather the 2008
economic recession and had to seek government assistance to
remain afloat. The firm also had to lay off thousands of employees
and close several plants. But just as the firm was regaining its
financial health, allegations about ongoing product defects led to the
largest recall in automobile history in 2014.
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