FUNCTIONAL STYLES - Definition of a functional style
- Informal style
- colloquial words
- slang
- dialect words
- Formal style
- learned words
- archaisms and historisms
- poetic diction
- professional terminology
- Neutral vocabulary
SOCIOLINGUISTICS - studies variations in language according to uses depending on social, educational, sex, age, etc. stratification
- studies correlation of linguistic facts with the life and attitudes of the speaking community
Linguostylistics - studies correlation of speech situation and linguistic means by speakers
- different styles in speech and language
Functional Style - a system of expressive means peculiar to a specific sphere of communication
Functional Style - sphere of communication – circumstances attending the process of speech in each particular case
Informal Style - used in personal two-way every-day communication
- vocabulary may be determined socially (educational and cultural background, age group, occupation) or regionally (dialect)
Informal Style - gesture, tone, voice, situation are as important as words
- careful choice of words plays a minor role
- vocabulary is much less variegated
- the same pronouns, auxiliaries, postpositives, the same most frequent and generic terms are used again and again
Informal Style - the same pronouns, auxiliaries, postpositives, the same most frequent and generic terms are used again and again
- they convey a great number of different meanings
- some words are overused (e.g. thing, do, get, nice, really, etc.)
Informal Style - characterized by imaginative phraseology (e.g. a lot of moonshine),
- ready-made formulas of politeness and tags,
- standard expressions of surprise, gratitude (e.g. I‘m most grateful), apology, etc.
Informal Style - substantives adjectives (e.g. greens for ’green leaf vegetables’, woolies for ‘woolen clothes’)
- lexical intensifiers, emphatic verbs and adverbs with lost denotational meaning (e.g. awfully, lovely, terrific, grand, dead etc.)
Informal Style - lexical expressions of modality (e.g. definitely, in a way, I should think so, not at all, by no means , etc.)
Informal Style - Colloquial words
- literary colloquial (cultivated speech)
- familiar colloquial
- low colloquial (illiterate speech)
- Slang words
- Dialect words
Literary Colloquial Speech - used by educated people in the course of ordinary conversation or when writing letters to intimate friends
- e.g. bite, snack – meal
- to have a crush on smb – to fall in love with smb
- phrasal verbs - to put up, turn up, do away
- shortenings – pram, exam, flu
Familiar Colloquial Speech - more emotional, much more free and careless
- used mostly by young and semi-educated
- characterized by a great number of jocular or ironical expressions and nonce-words
- e.g. doc – doctor, ta-ta – good-bye
Low Colloquial Speech - illiterate unpopular speech
- contains more vulgar words
- sometimes contains elements of dialect
Slang - contrasted to standard literary vocabulary
- mainly used by young and uneducated
- characterized by the use of expressive, mostly ironical words which create fresh names for some usual things
Slang - most slang word are metaphors and jocular, often with a coarse, mocking, cynical colouring, produce shocking effect
- e.g. money – beans, bras, dibs, dough, wads
- drunk – boozy, cock-eyed, soaked
Slang - slang words and idioms are short-lived, soon they ether disappear or lose their peculiar colouring and become either colloquial or stylistically neutral
- e.g. chap, fun, mob, shabby, hitch-hiker, once in a blue moon
Slang - general slang – specific for any social or professional group
- special slang – peculiar for some groups: teenager slang, football slang, sea slang, etc.
Argot - special vocabulary used by a particular social or age group, the so-called underworld (the criminal circles)
- its main purpose - to be unintelligible to the outsiders
- argot words are non-motivated
- e.g. shin – knife, book – life sentence
Dialect Words - Dialect is a variety of a language which prevails in a district, with local peculiarities of vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar
Dialect Words - dialect words may enter colloquial speech, slang, then neutral vocabulary and formal language
- e.g. car, tram, trolley
Formal Style - English vocabulary that occur in books and magazines, that we hear from a lecturer, a public speaker, a radio announcement, in formal official talk
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Formal Style - used in monologues addressed by one person to many, often prepared in advance
- words are used with precision
- the vocabulary is elaborate, generalized, not limited socially or geographically
Formal Style - learned words
- literary words
- words of scientific prose
- official words
- poetic diction
- Archaic and obsolete words
- Professional terminology
Formal Style - literary words – used in descriptive passages of fiction
- mostly polysyllabic words from Romance languages
- create complex and solemn associations
- e.g. delusion, felicity, cordial, solitude
Formal Style - words of scientific prose
- e.g. experimental, divergent, heterogeneous, as early as, in terms of etc.
- officialese (канцеляризмы) – words of official, bureaucratic language, peculiar to official documents, business correspondence
- e.g. accommodation (room), donation (gift), comestibles (food), dispatch (send off)
Formal Style - words of poetic diction are traditionally used only in poetry
- characterized by a lofty, high-flown, sometimes archaic colouring
- they are more abstract
- e.g. array (clothes), steed (horse), lone (lonely), naught (nothing), albeit (although)
Archaic and Obsolete Words - Obsolete words are words that dropped from the language, “no longer in use, esp. for at least for a century”
Archaic and Obsolete Words - Archaic words (archaism) are words which survive in special contexts, “current in an earlier time but rare in present usage”
- associated with poetic diction
- e.g. aye (yes), nay (no), morn (morning), betwixt (between)
Historisms - words denoting objects and phenomena which are things of the past and no longer exist
- they are names for social relations, institutions, objects of material culture of the past
Historisms - names of ancient transport means, ancient clothes, weapons, musical instruments, etc.
- e.g. landau ландо; четырехколесный экипаж или автомобиль со съемным верхом,
- phaeton фаэтон ( четырехколесная открытая коляска ),
- hansom двухколесный экипаж ( с местом для кучера сзади )
- calash легкая коляска ( имеющая низкие колеса и складной верх )
- berlin старинный дорожный четырехколесный крытый экипаж
Professional Terminology - specialized vocabularies
- term is a word or a word-group which is specifically employed by a particular branch of science, technology, trade or the arts to convey a concept peculiar to this particular activity
Professional Terminology - terms should be monosemantic (polysemy may lead to misunderstanding)
- independent of the context
- have only denotational meaning
- terms should not have synonyms
- e.g. paint, tint, dye (краска) - colour
- opposed to formal and informal words
- used in all kinds of situations, independent of the sphere of communication
- stylistically neutral (lack connotations)
Neutral (basic) Vocabulary - constitute the core of the vocabulary, denote objects and phenomena of everyday importance
- characterized by high frequency
- e.g. to walk, summer, child, green
Interrelations between different strata of vocabulary | | | | | | | - Kid, brat, bearn (dialect)
| | Stylistically-neutral and stylistically-marked words - Stylistically-neutral words
| - Stylistically-marked words
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