150 NAZAROV, SHOZIMOV
farms.
52
Thus, the Osh truck fleet took over most transport at the nearby Karl Marx
Collective Farm; the Osh cooperative “Metalist” built cotton-drying machinery
for the 18th Party Congress Collective Farm;
53
and oil-workers from Mailuu-Suu
undertook major construction at yet another collective farm.
54
By 1953 the government was organizing competitions among Ferghana Valley
cotton workers to boost production. M. Jumabaeva from Andijan province won by
collecting fifteen tons of raw cotton. Others were rewarded for producing higher
yields per hectare.
55
The following harvest saw the first cotton produced on the newly
developed virgin lands.
56
This was considered sufficiently promising to devote an
additional 25,000 hectares of new land in central Ferghana to cotton by 1956.
57
The sharp rise in Uzbekistan’s cotton production was considered a major achieve-
ment.
58
Collective farm workers at the “Ferghana” farm benefited from their high
productivity in 1956, when 60 percent of the farm’s profits were paid back to them
at the rate of 24 rubles per workday.
59
Farms in Andijan gained distinction simply
by
achieving high production,
60
while others were
recognized for reducing per
hectare costs of production.
61
The completion of the Chartak and Iskier reservoirs in Namangan
62
and of the
Kairakkum reservoir (“Tajik Sea”) and associated pumping stations in Tajikistan
63
enabled yet more land to be brought under cultivation, so as to boost cotton produc-
tion still further.
64
From the mid-1950s to the mid-1970s water from the “Tajik Sea”
irrigated nearly 330,000 hectares of land in Tajikistan, and also in the Ferghana
provinces of Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan.
65
The new Yangi-Suzak Canal near Jala-
labad in Kyrgyzstan made it possible for yet more land to be devoted to cotton.
66
The cult of production came to infect all other sectors of agriculture. Anyone
who could raise 100 kilogram of silk-producing cocoons with one box of silkworm
eggs was celebrated.
67
Collective School No. 5 of the Ferghana region took first
place for breeding enough rabbits to provide the government with 2.5 tons of rabbit
meat and 1,300 rabbit skins. Pig breeders,
68
poultry farmers, and cotton cleaners
strove to achieve similarly impressive results.
69
During brief periods, production
fell below the officially established norms; this occurred in the Ferghana farms in Ta-
jikistan in the late 1950s and early 1960s. As this happened, many households in
the Leninabad region fell into debt to the state
70
and were rescued only by massive
efforts by collective farmers in adjacent regions.
71
During the first half of the 1960s, the realization spread that competitions and
campaigns would not suffice to modernize agriculture, and that the human capital
had to be upgraded through training. This was the goal of a major effort in Osh
province, where industrial training in rural schools was significantly expanded.
72
Hundreds of agriculturalists and machine operators were hired as team leaders,
73
and even cotton harvest drivers received training.
74
At the Janov Aravan Collec-
tive Farm 150 young boys and girls received secondary training as tractor or truck
drivers, or as combine operators. By the middle of the 1960s a number of women
who had been trained as cotton harvest drivers had become household names.
75
However, there were many difficulties. The collective farm leaders resisted change,
THE KHRUSHCHEV AND BREZHNEV ERAS 151
and there were still few skilled workers. Work stoppages were common and pro-
duction remained uneven.
76
No sector of the economy was more directly affected by Khrushchev’s fall and
the rise of Brezhnev than agriculture. A decree issued by the Communist Party at its
1965 Plenum meeting put a firm stop to Khrushchev’s experiments in the agrarian
sector. Collective farms moved from payment in kind to cash payments, the prices
the state paid for agricultural produce were raised, and the agricultural sector was
offered better material and technical support.
By 1972 cotton growers in the Izbaskan region of Andijan province became the first
in the valley to fulfill their quota for raw cotton. Mechanized picking, which was now
used for more than half of the crop, helped achieve this increase.
77
Soon mechanical
cotton harvesters would account for 90 percent of the crop in some areas.
78
Another change was the growing attention paid to the personal farmsteads of
collective farmers. This was especially notable in Leninabad province, where 50
percent of Tajikistan’s gardens and vineyards were situated.
79
In the winter months,
the Frunze Collective Farm near Leninabad allocated more than 180 tons of alfalfa,
hay, and sorghum to families raising cattle on their private plots. The Leninabad
Milk and Dairy Combine opened a receiving office for the purchase of milk from
private farmsteads, and the province’s rural consumer society sold formula feed to
private dairy farmers.
80
Such measures marked an important step away from Stalin’s
tragic collectivization of agriculture and in the direction of privatized farming.
Irrigation developed robustly in the Ferghana Valley under Brezhnev. A trial run
of water through the Kyzyl-Tyubin canal, the largest waterway in the new lands of
central
Ferghana, took place in January 1961. In May of
that year construction also
commenced on the Kerkidon reservoir and the Frunze pump shelter station, which
made possible the cultivation of an additional 5,000 hectares of virgin Ferghana lands.
In 1970 water was first released into the Great Andijan Canal, while other canals and
irrigation works were commissioned in the following years. It now appeared that the
ever-expanding cotton crop’s thirst for water might actually be quenched.
After independence, the supplying of water to this ever-expanding irrigation
system would become the focus of major international tensions, and the irriga-
tion system itself would be condemned for its profligate wastefulness and gross
inefficiency. For now, though, the Ferghana Valley presented itself as the living
embodiment of the future of agriculture everywhere. In August and September
1979, Uzbekistan became the venue for an international conference on “Measures
to Increase Irrigation Efficiency at the Farm Level.” Over the course of two weeks,
awestruck representatives from eleven countries studied how the virgin lands of
the Ferghana Valley had been transformed into a sea of green.
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