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velopment Challenges,
School of Oriental and African Studies, London, 2007.
66. Janine R. Wedel, Collision and Collusion. The Strange Case of Western Aid to Eastern
Europe,
New York, 2001.
67. David Mosse, “Global Governance and the Ethnography of International Aid,” in
The Aid Effect. Giving and Governing in International Development,
ed. David Mosse and
David Lewis, London, 2005, p. 3.
68. Usilenie regionalnogo sotrudnichestva po ratsionalnomu i effektivnomu ispolzovaniiu
vodnykh i energeticheskikh resursov Tsentralnoi Azii,
United Nations, New York, 2003.
69. Sievers, “Water, Conflict, and Regional Security in Central Asia,” pp. 393–397.
70. Most prominently is the Aral Sea Basin Program (ASBP), which began in 1994
with the original plan to extend it over a period of fifteen to twenty years, financed jointly
by the World Bank, UNDP, and UNEP. The program’s aims included 1) rehabilitation and
development of the disaster zone, 2) strategic planning and comprehensive management of
the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, and 3) building institutions for planning and imple-
menting the two first points. The third point led to the foundation of ICAS and IFAS. After
a review of the ASBP in 1996, the World Bank, together with GEF, launched the Water and
Environmental Management Project for 1999 to 2003. Between 1993 and 1998 USAID
funded the Environmental Policy and Technology project, which supported regional efforts
to come to an agreement on the operation of the Toktogul Reservoir. In 2001 it launched the
Natural Resource Management Project, the water component of which aimed at improving
inter-state cooperation and sharing of the Syr Darya River flow. This project was further
expanded in 2002. The European Union ran the Water Resources Management and Agri-
cultural Production (WARMAP) project starting in 1995 for the utilization, management,
and allocation of water in Central Asia (Micklin, “Water in the Aral Sea Basin of Central
Asia,” pp. 518–520).
71. Micklin, “The Aral Sea Crisis and Its Future.”
72. Weinthal, “Sins of Omission: Constructing Negotiating Sets in the Aral Sea
Basin.”
73. Sievers, “Water, Conflict, and Regional Security in Central Asia.”
74. IWRM is defined as “a process which promotes the coordinated development and
management of water, land, and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant eco-
nomic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability
of vital ecosystems” (GWP 2000).
75. Jürg Krähenbühl, Johan Gely, and Urs Herren, Swiss Water Strategy for Central Asia,
2002–2006. Strengthening Regional Water Management Capacities,
Berne, 2002.
76. See also SDC, “Integrated Water Resource Management,” www.swisscoop.uz/index.
php?navID=22500&langID=1&&officeID=40.
77. Sehring, “Irrigation Reform in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.”
78. Martin Kipping, “Can ‘Integrated Water Resources Management’ Silence Malthusian
Concerns? The Case of Central Asia,” Water International, vol. 33, no. 3, 2008.
79. Valentini, Orolbaev, and Abylgazieva, Water Problems of Central Asia, p. 88.
80. Kemelova and Zhalkubaev, “Water, Conflict, and Regional Security in Central Asia
Revisited,” pp. 496–499.
81. Peter Niederer et al., “Tracing Glacier Wastage in the Northern Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan,
Central Asia) over the Last 40 Years,” Climatic Change, vol. 86, nos. 1–2, 2008.
82. Micklin, “Water in the Aral Sea Basin of Central Asia: Cause of Conflict or Coop-
eration?” p. 515.
LAND, WATER, AND ECOLOGY 277
83. For further reference, see International Crisis Group, Central Asia: Water and Con-
flict,
pp. 18–19.
84. Ruth S. Meinzen-Dick and Bryan Randolph Bruns, “Negotiating Water Rights:
Introduction,” in Negotiating Water Rights, ed. Bryan Randolph Bruns and Ruth S. Meinzen-
Dick, London, 2000, p. 27.
85. International Crisis Group, Kyrgyzstan: A Deceptive Calm, Osh and Brussels,
2008.
86. Weinthal, “Sins of Omission: Constructing Negotiating Sets in the Aral Sea Basin,”
p. 53.
87. See UNEP, Environment and Security.
88. Bucknall et al., Irrigation in Central Asia.
89. Andrew Noble, Mehmood ul Hassan, and Jusipbek Kazbekov, “Bright Spots” in
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