16 SAIDOV,
ANARBAEV, GORIYACHEVA
by five gates and was irrigated by a multitude of canals that fed beautiful bricked
reservoirs (
hauzes), traces of which remain on the site. The banks of the canals
were also bricked and a unique system of underground water pipes fed public baths
and residential dwellings.
93
In addition, the city
moats located by the fortified walls
served as reservoirs. Archeologists have found fence constructions that served as
dams, and water-lifting engines known as
chigir that obtained water from mountain
streams flowing into the rivers. Archeologists have also often found millstones that
prove the presence of water mills along the streams.
During the eleventh century the Ahsiket mint produced coining dies for the
Karakhanid dynasty.
94
By 1075, however, the production of coins had declined,
even though the city remained a major metallurgical center, exporting expensive
ironware and particularly swords. The blacksmiths of Ahsiket learned the secret
of making Damascus steel and would create wonderful swords as subtle in design
as they were sharp.
95
In the south, Ahsiket was linked by a straight route to Kokand. The route from
Ahsiket to Khujand in the west passed through Bab, Turmukan, Hajistan, Samgar,
and Khujand.
96
Five
farsahs north of Ahsiket was the city of Kasan, the capital of
Ferghana emirs from the end of the eighth century
ce
through the beginning of the
ninth century
ce
. There also resided several renowned religious figures (
seyids),
whose essays were long known to all Muslims.
97
Along
the north of Ferghana
near Kasan could be found such towns as Nejm, Karvan, Jidgil, Ardlanket, Nedm,
Kervan, and Ardlanket.
98
Every town had its specific role. Raielnt became known
for its rich agriculture, while Karak acquired fame for its rice. Agriculture was
also important for the Syr Darya River city of Farab, though it is best known for
its
renowned medieval philosopher, al Farabi.
99
In early times the countryside was secured by military settlements, with the
safety of traders protected by well-defended caravanserais. Over time Ferghana’s
dense population rendered the military settlements (
ribats) and caravanserais un-
necessary. Ferghana cities were largely built on elevated land and promontories,
with deep channels on each side that divided the cities into several
shakhristans.
This was the situation, for example, in Osh, Uzgen, and Ferghana, among others.
100
These centers survived the fall of the Samanids and continued to thrive through
Karakhanid times, as can be seen by the continued minting of coins in Uzgen,
Ahsiket, Kasan, Margilan, and Osh.
101
This enabled a place like Uzgen to have an
extensive fresh-water system as well as a sewage system with galleries of baked
brick. The security and prosperity of the area is evident in the medieval city of
Bab, where archeologists have found a giant unfortified settlement of craftsmen,
along with ample raw materials, semi-prepared and final pottery, and blacksmith-
made products.
102
After the Mongol conquest and civil wars in Babur’s time, Ferghana as a whole,
and all its cities, lost importance as a center of craftsmanship. Now rough unglazed
household ceramics came into general use, irrigation systems fell to ruin, and many
cities had to relocate. Uzgen long disappeared from the historical written resources.
THE PRE-COLONIAL LEGACY 17
Cities of the Upper Nesya such as Nookat, Miskan, and Aval also ceased to exist.
The famous Kuva was no longer. Ferghana lost its political significance and could
not compete as an industrial economy against the craftsmen workshops of the rest
of Central Asia.
Ferghana’s decline came as a result of its internal fighting, civil war, and politi-
cal divisions, as well as the absence of a centralized power. Henceforth there was
only one trade route leading to the south of the country and continuing eastward
beyond the mountain ridges to Kashgar.
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