|
Historical Social
Research / Historische Sozialforschung
, vol. 31, no. 1 (115), 2006, pp. 7–30.
JSTOR
, available online at
www.jstor.org/stable/20762099 (last visited May 28 2020)
3
See footnote 8, p.14
4
See footnote 8, p.16
5
See footnote 8, p.16
Features of the development of modern science in the pandemic’s era | Volume 1
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British element made a great impact on the foundation of new football clubs relying on the
service of foreign players. Throughout the time, clubs formed by the British or under the British
names were a combination of various nationalities and cultures. Taylor claims that Genoa Cricket
and Football Club, founded in 1893 by a group of English and Scottish men, was so British given
the club's history and nature. There were various nationalities as members of that club, such as
Italians and other nationalities like Swiss and Austrians.
1
The composition of newly founded clubs has taken place once again in Italy.
Swiss, German, Austrian, French, Spanish, British and Italian tradesmen were involved to
represent the same club when a new Football Club Bari was first established in 1908.
2
Two newly founded football clubs in Naples in the early twentieth century were called under
the name of the city. The players who defended colours of those two clubs Naples and Internapoli
were an Egyptian student, Germans, and Swiss workers and some other representatives.
3
The history of migration of football players has proved that the movement of players
happened not only between the same continental countries, but it also migration also flowed
between the continents. In this regard, French-Moroccan case has played as a decisive factor for
many African talents` move to France. As Paul Darby stated in his “African Footballers in Europe:
History and Geography”, France has taken advantage of the naturalisation of Moroccan born Larbi
Ben Barek, who went on to feature 17 times for the French national team back in the late 1930s
and 1940s.
4
Behind the signing of African talents by European football clubs were some crucial factors.
Throughout this time, European countries regarded African players as a cheap labour force, which
have always been attractive to them not just in the economic context, but also in footballing
reasons. First African football players were noticeable in the French professional football matches
back in 1932. By 1938, 147 African players participated in the first and second divisions of France
and another 117 North Africans appeared in the French professional league between 1945 and
1962.
5
In modern day football, back in 1995, there was so called “Bosman revolution” in the history
of football player migration, which has had a significant influence on the future of football players
who wanted to move from one club to another in order to seek a brighter future or to gain more
profitable contracts elsewhere abroad. Jean Marc Bosman was a Belgian player who at the time
represented Belgian football club, RC Liège, a player who at the end of his contract wanted to
move to French league. The player began legal proceedings against his club, arguing that he was
denied a free movement. The Belgian Civil Court in November 1990 stated that the player could
freely move to France to continue his career. After an appeal from the Union des Associations
Européennes de Football (UEFA), on behalf of the Belgian Football Association (FA), the case
was referred to The European Court of Justice. In December 1995, the European Court of Justice
finally ruled illegal “any transfer fee claims imposed on players moving, out of contract, from one
EU country to another.”
6
There is no question that, this decision has come into the world of
football as a light at the end of the tunnel for players that want to change their clubs for the sake
of better contracts. Moreover, this ruling has caused a strong turbulence in European football, and
the top players` bargaining power has grown dramatically, as clubs fight to retain their football
1
See footnote 8, p.14
2
See footnote 8, p.14
3
See footnote 8, p.14
4
Paul Darby (2007) African Football Labour Migration to Portugal: Colonial and Neo‐Colonial Resource, Soccer &
Society, 8:4, p.497, available online at DOI: 10.1080/14660970701440774 (last visited June 27 2020)
5
Ibid.,
at 497.
6
Magee, J., & Sugden, J. (2002). “The World at their Feet”: Professional Football and International Labor Migration.
Journal
of
Sport
&
Social
Issues,
26
(4),
421-437,
available
online
at
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0193732502238257#Art.CitationDownloadContainer
(last visited June 10 2020)
December 3, 2021 | Berlin, Germany | Collection of scientific papers «SCIENTIA»
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73
stars` services and freely sign players from other clubs.
1
Correspondingly, applying the 3+2 rule
to EU nationals was abolished, paving the way for the acceleration of more foreign player
inclusions into the squads of European football clubs.
According to Joseph Maguire and John Bale, “athletes are on the move”. The movement of
athletes was significant part of the growth of sports in the late 20th century”.
2
These days in modern day football, some members of the football society can be influential
for the migration of football players. Perfect example is, one of the controversial coaches in the
game, self-proclaimed as “Special one” Portuguese Jose Mourinho. In 2004, straight after signing
a contract with Chelsea FC as a manager, José Mourinho was not shy about bringing with him two
Portuguese players – Carvalho, Ferreira, with whom he succeeded during his employment with
FC Porto.
3
In sum, football from its early days was always on the moving, it helped to bring different
nations, cultures, lifestyles together with the effects of migration. As Hoerder noted, that migration
systems “link regions of different cultures with interconnected patterns of mobility that continue
over time”.
4
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