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Application of Refractive Principles to Lenses



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Application of Refractive Principles to Lenses 
Convex Lens Focuses Light Rays. 
Figure 49-2 shows parallel light rays entering a convex 
lens. The light rays passingthrough the center of the lens strike the lens exactly perpendicular to the 
lens surface and, therefore, pass through the lens without being refracted. Toward either edge of the 
lens, 
Wave fronts A B Glass 
Figure 49-1 
Light rays entering a glass s rface perpendicular to 
the light rays (
A
) and a glass surface angulated to the light rays (
B
). This figure demonstrates 
that the distance between waves after they enter the glass is shortened to about two-thirds 
that in air. It also shows that light rays striking an angulated glass surface are bent. 
Figure 
49-2 
Bending of light rays at each surface of a convex spherical lens, showing that parallel 
light rays are focused to a 
focal point.Unit X The Nervous System: B. The Special Senses
598 
however, the light rays strike a progressively more angulated interface. The outer rays bend more and 
more toward the center, which is alled 
convergence 
of the rays. Half the bendingoccurs when the rays 
enter the lens, and half as they exit from the opposite side 
 
Combination of Two Cylindrical Lenses at Right Angles 
Equals a Spherical Lens. 
Figure 49-5

shows two convex cylindrical lenses at right angles to 
each other. The verticalcylindrical lens converges the light rays that pass through the two sides of the 
lens, and the horizontal lens converges thetop and bottom rays. Thus, all the light rays come to a 
singlepoint focus. In other words, 
two cylindrical lenses crossed atright angles to each other perform 
the same function as one spherical lens of the same refractive power.

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