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22-son 4 –to’plam fevral 2022 
Sahifa: 330 
the National Security Service Rustam Inoyatov, to secure the post permanently 
through election. Azimov would be fired from government in June 2017 and Inoyatov 
would be removed from his post in January 2018. Mirziyoyev‘s inaugural address as 
President gave some hints at a reformist direction of travel: ―In further deepening the 
democratic reforms and implementing the concept of developing a civil society, we 
believe that, as it was before, the citizens‘ self-governance bodies – mahallas, as well 
as the non-state, non-profit organizations, free and impartial mass media will take an 
active place. In implementing the important principle, namely, ―From a strong state to 
a strong civil society‖, above all, we will lean upon the strength and capabilities of 
such social institutions.‖ However such commitments are often made by leaders who 
have no intention of delivering on them. 
The process has been driven from the top with a blizzard of presidential decrees and 
new legislation, with 25 per cent of all legislation adopted since independence being 
issued between 2016 and 2019.4 Supporters of the process have argued this 
intensively top-down approach is necessary to tackle the institutional inertia of the 
bureaucratic system developed under Karimov, hitting it on multiple fronts to spur it 
to action. While that perspective is understandable, there have been notable 
challenges including: incorporating the views of key stakeholders; errors due to the 
speed of transposition and implementation; and the ongoing cultural challenge of a 
risk-averse and poorly educated middle management level, steeped in Soviet and 
Karimov era paper pushing, being placed under even more pressure, which 
sometimes leads to increased buck-passing rather than fundamental change. The 
mantra of the reformist wing of the Uzbek officialdom is repeated relentlessly: that 
missteps and delays in the reform process are driven by a lack of capacity rather than 
a lack of political will. Their diagnosis is that the continual infusion of better trained, 
reformminded people (often from the diaspora) into the system will help break down 
the roadblocks to reform (or replace them), a subject addressed in more detail in this 
collection‘s essay by Navbahor Imamova. While this will undoubtedly be important, 
the leadership will have to find a way to allow greater space for experimentation and 

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