Figure 2.9. Schematic of experimental setup for measuring pressure drop and heat transfer, Yu et al.
(2012).
The pressure drop experiment was conducted for a maximum Reynolds number of 460
which was limited due to the high viscosity of PAO as well as the nanofluid. They
conducted the experiment for 0.65% vol. and 1.3% vol. of spherical and rod shaped
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particles, respectively. They found out that the nanofluids incur higher pressure drop than
the base fluid and the difference get higher with increasing volume concentration of
nanoparticles. Also the pressure drop of the nanofluid containing non-spherical
nanoparticles was found to be always greater than the spherical particles for the same
volume fraction. For medium to high Reynolds number (200−400), the friction factor for
the nanofluids containing non spherical particles was seen to drop below than that given
by Hagen-Poiseuille equation (
f
Re
= 64). This is attributed to the strong alignment of the
nanorods under the shear stress causing the effective viscosity of nanofluids to decrease
in a manner similar to shear thinning.
The convective heat transfer experiments were conducted for 0.65% vol. and 1.3% vol. of
spherical and non-spherical nanoparticles, respectively. The local heat transfer
coefficients were measured at 5 axial locations for Reynolds numbers of 350 and 490.
They found out that the heat transfer of nanofluids is enhanced than that of the base fluid
and the increment increases proportionally to Reynolds number and the loading of
nanoparticles. The local Nusselt number are plotted against a dimensionless parameter
given by
(2.30)
They found out that for spherical nanoparticles, the prediction for the local Nusselt
number given by Shah-London equation closely matched their experimental data. The
Shah-London equation (Shah et al., 1978) is given as
41
(2.31)
However, for non-spherical particles, the local Nusselt number vs. the dimensionless
parameter initially follows the Shah-London equation and then drops rapidly with a slope
much steeper than the theoretical curve.
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CHAPTER III
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND METHODOLOGY
A proper and sound experimental setup is necessary to minimize the measurement
uncertainties and accurately obtain the data. There has been different speculation by
different authors regarding the thermophysical, fluid flow and heat transfer parameters of
nanofluids. These differences may be caused by the method of measuring and obtaining
the data. Therefore a sound technique of measuring different parameters of the fluid is
critical. This chapter discusses on the detailed experimental setup of obtaining the
thermal conductivity, viscosity, pressure drop, and heat transfer measurements. The
experimental setup is divided into 1) temperature control system, 2) viscosity
measurements, 3) thermal conductivity measurement, 4) experimental loop, 5) instrument
calibration, 6) experimental procedure and 7) experimental uncertainties. The
experimental setup is fairly simple to operate and can be used to measure different types
of fluids other than nanofluids.
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