nanofluid, Wongwises et al. (2009).
Wongwises et al. (2009) found that the heat transfer coefficient of nanofluid increases
with an increasing Reynolds number. They show that the 0.2% vol. TiO
2
/water nanofluid
has a higher heat transfer coefficient than that of water by around approximately 6–11%.
33
For 0.2% vol. TiO
2
/water nanofluid, they found out that the friction factor does not
change compared to that of water. This is attributed to the fact that the small addition of
nanoparticles in the liquid does not change the flow behavior in the fluid and can be
treated as a single phase flow.
Chandrasekar et al. (2010) investigated the friction factor and heat transfer of
Al
2
O
3
/water nanofluid flowing through a uniformly heated horizontal tube. The 43 nm
Al
2
O
3
nanoparticles were prepared from an aqueous solution of aluminum chloride by
microwave assisted chemical precipitation method. Nanofluid with specified volume
concentration was prepared by ultra-sonication of the solution to get a stable Al
2
O
3
/water
nanofluid.
For the heat transfer measurement, Chandrasekar et al. (2010) built a test loop consisting
of a reservoir, a peristaltic pump, cooling section, test section and a collecting station. A
straight copper tube of 1200 mm in length and 4.85 mm in diameter was used as the test
section. RTDs are placed along the test section for heat transfer measurements. Pressure
ports are connected at the inlet and outlet to the test section to measure the pressure drop.
For 0.1% volume fraction, they found out that the Nusselt number increased by 12.24%
at
Re
= 2275 compared to distilled water. This increase in Nusselt number is attributed to
mixing effects near the wall, Brownian motion of the particles, increased thermal
conductivity, particle migration and rearrangement, reduction in boundary layer thickness
and delay in boundary layer development. For 0.1% volume concentration, for laminar
flow they found no significant increase in the friction factor compared to distilled water.
34
The reason for this may be attributed to the fact that the nanofluid has a low volume
concentration (around 0.1%) of nanoparticles.
Hu et al. (2009) measured the convective heat transfer and pressure drop for alumina
water and zirconia-water nanofluid in a vertical heated tube. Their experimental setup
consisted of a flow loop made up of stainless steel tubing. The loop consisted of a gear
pump to pump the fluid, a turbine meter for volumetric flow measurement; control valve,
pressure transducer, and a heat exchanger to cool the fluid coming out from the test
section (see Figure 2.8). The test section was kept vertical made up of stainless tube with
an inner diameter of 4.5 mm and outer diameter of 6.4 mm and a length of 1.01 m. T-type
thermocouples were cemented along the length of the test section and two T-type
thermocouples were inserted into the flow channel before and after the test section for
bulk fluid temperature measurement. The test section was heated with a DC power
supply.
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