does not necessarily mean that Ms and Mr Average Native-Speaker are aware of it too. What in principle
should be compositional for some speakers may not be for all speakers.
The classic example of this is provided by the
cranberry words (cf. Bloomfield 1933). These words
highlight the problem of treating morph-like units that do not belong to any recognisable morpheme in the
language as it is used today. A
cranberry is a kind of
berry. So, we can identify
berry as a morpheme in that
word. But that leaves us the problem of what to do with the apparently meaningless unit
cran- that is left
behind. The only loophole available is to treat
cranberry as a compound word made up of the free root
morpheme
berry and the bound root morpheme
cran- which has the peculiarity of only occurring as part of
the word
cranberry. Admittedly, the word
cran does exist, meaning ‘a measure of herrings (about 750
fish)’, but
that word is unrelated to the cran- in
cranberry.
We are in a quandry. You might be willing to accept that
cranis a non-recurrent morpheme with a very
restricted distribution— occurring only in
cranberry. But you may still be wondering where that leaves the
definition of the morpheme as a minimal meaningful unit. It seems that definition has to be modified. It has
to be weakened so that we make allowances for some morphemes which are not meaningful units on their
own. All words have to mean something when they occur in isolation. However, morphemes are not
absolutely required to have a clear, identifiable meaning on their own. They may be chameleon-like, with
meanings that change somewhat in different words (cf. [4.2] on p. 55).
Cran-
and similar words make a revision of the definition of the morpheme necessary. To overcome the
problems some linguists have defined the morpheme in purely distributional terms: a linguistic entity
‘uniquely identifiable in terms of phonemic elements, and occurring in stated environments of other
morphemic segments (or in stated utterances)’ (cf. Harris 1951:171). This is a definition that highlights
distribution. ‘Cran- ’ can be isolated as a morpheme on distributional grounds, like the problematic Latinate
root morphemes in [4.2]. For instance, in the case of
cran- we can use the substitution test to show that
cran-
is a morpheme. In some other
berry words such as
blueberry and
blackberry we have the morphemes
blue
and
black occurring
in the same slot as cran-. (See also Aronoff 1976:15.)
In all this the difficulty is the fact that between the productive morpheme used actively in the construction
of words (e.g. agentive noun suffix
-er) and dormant ones like
-ery that are fossilised, there exists a myriad
of possibilities. The difference between productive and unproductive morphemes is a gradient, not a
dichotomy. There are numerous morphemes that are productive to different degrees. For instance
-aire as in
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