6.5.1
Neutral and non-neutral affixes
The interaction of morphology and phonology is best approached from the perspective of the phonological
properties of groups of affixes. As mentioned in section (
4.4.1
), there are two types of affixes in the English
lexicon. One type is NEUTRAL in its effects on the stem to which it is attached and the other type is
NONNEUTRAL. The latter cause various changes in the vowels, consonants or stress of the bases to which
they are affixed. The account presented here draws on the work of Kiparsky (1982a, 1982b).
In [6.3] I present some common neutral suffixes whose presence does not cause any phonological
changes in the base to which they are attached:
[6.3]
a.
-ing
decide
/dI`saId/
deciding
/`dIsaIdI /
remind
/rI`maInd/
reminding
/re`maIndI /
b.
-ly
expensive
/Ik`spensIv/
expensively
/Ik`spensIvlI/
sullen
/`s len/
sullenly
/`s lenlI/
c.
-less
joy
/`dI/
joyless
/`dIles/
penny
/`penI/
penniless
/`penIles/
d.
-er
save
/`seIv/
saver
/`seIve/
distil
/dI`stIl/
distiller
/dI`stIle/
e.
-ness
lively
/`laIvLI/
liveliness
/`laIvlInes/
contagious
/ken`teIdes/
contagiousness
/ken`teIdesnes/
steadfast
/stedf:st/
steadfastness
/`stedf:stnes/
By constrast, the presence of a non-neutral affix sets off phonological fireworks. Some or all of these things
may happen: stress may shift from one syllable to another (as in
Canadian in [6.4a]), some of the vowel
segments may be modified (as in
mammalian in [6.4a]) or the consonants may change as in
electricity. You
can
[6.4]
a.
Input:
Output:
Noun
[-ian]
Adj.
Boston
/`bsten/
Bostonian
/b`steUnIen/
Cameron
/`Kæmeren/
Cameronian
/kæme`rUnIen/
Canada
/`Kænede/
Candian
/Ke`neIdIen/
civil
/`sIvl/
civilian
/sI`vIlIen/
mammal
/`mæml/
mammalian
/me`meIlIen/
72 A
LEXICON WITH LAYERS
Spenser
/`spense/
Spenserian
/spen`sIerIen/
b.
Input:
Output
Noun
[-ic]
Adj.
fantasy
/`fæntesI/
fantastic
/fen`tæstIk/
hieroglyph
/`hIereUglrf/
hieroglyphic
/hIereU`glIfIk/
diosyncrasy
/IdIe`sInkresI/
idiosyncratic
/Idiesin`krætIk/
metal
/`metl/
metallic
/me`tælIk/
system
/`sIstem/
systemic
/sI`si:mIk/
electric
/I`lektrIk/
electricity
/Ilek`trIsetI/
c.
Input:
Output
Noun
[-ify]
verb
carbon
/`k:ben/
carbonify
/k:`bnIfaI/
history
/`histerI/
historify
/hI`strIfaI/
object
/bdekt/
objectify
/b`dektIfaI/
person
/`p :sn/
personify
/pe`snIfaI/
solid
/`slId/
solidify
/se`lIdIfar/
Note:
The suffix
-ian (found in Canadian) can form both nouns and adjectives.
These suffixes attract stress like magnets attract iron. When any of the three suffixes is present, stress shifts
from its original position and lands on the syllable immediately preceding the suffix. In this
they are typical
of many non-neutral affixes. As for the changes in the vowels, the broad generalisation is that vowels on which
the stress falls are more prominent than they would be when they appear unstressed. For instance, a short
vowel like /I/ is replaced by a long vowel like /i:/ (cf. /sIstem/ /sIsti:mIk/) or by a diphthong (cf. /
`kæmeren/ /kæmeeUnIen/).
For the most part neutral affixes are native, forming part of the Anglo-Saxon inheritance of English. But
most non-neutral suffixes are LATINATE. They came in with words borrowed (as permanent, non-
returnable loans) from Latin and its daughter, French (see
Chapter 10
). An example of a native non-neutral
suffix is the derivational suffix
-th used to form abstract nouns from adjectives. This suffix triggers a vowel
change
in the base, e.g.
long length; broad breadth; wide width.
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