English Words



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Francis Katamba English Words

3.7
SUMMARY
In this chapter we have established that words have internal structure. They are built using morphemes
which are put together following rigid principles that determine how they are arranged. While the elements
of a sentence enjoy a considerable degree of mobility the morphemes in a word do not.
A basic distinction was drawn between morphemes that are free and capable of occurring independently
as words in their own right, and others that are bound which must always be attached to some other
morphemes in words. Bound morphemes are incapable of occurring in isolation as self-standing words and
so they cannot be manipulated directly by rules of the syntax.
In doing morphological analysis, the principles of contrast and complementary distribution play a key
role. If morphs (i.e. forms) contrast meaning, they represent distinct morphemes. But if morphs cannot
contrast meaning, they are grouped together as allomorphs of the same morpheme.
In principle, the relationship between morphemes and morphs is indirect. It involves representation, not
composition. Hence, on the one hand the same morph may represent different morphemes and, on the other
hand, the same morpheme may be represented by distinct allomorphs.
Normally the relationship between a linguistic sign like a morpheme and its meaning is arbitrary.
However, in a minority of cases, sound symbolism (in the shape of phonaesthemes and onomatopoeia)
plays a role in word-formation. In such cases the relationship between the sign and its meaning is to some
extent iconic.
The structure of words in the languages of the world falls into four broad types: isolating, agglutinating,
inflecting and polysynthetic. These types are determined by the patterning of morphemes in word-building.
No language is morphologically ‘pure’. The classification only indicates the dominant pattern. Thus,
although English is mostly an isolating type of language, it exhibits other tendencies as well.

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