English Words



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Francis Katamba English Words

3.6
VERBAL BLUEPRINTS
Linguistic theory incorporates the hypothesis that there are universal principles of grammar that regulate the
amount of variation in linguistic structure across languages. In the last section we saw the marginal role
played by sound symbolism in word-formation. This does not obscure the fact that normally languages form
28 CLOSE ENCOUNTERS OF A MORPHEMIC KIND


ENGLISH WORDS 29


words by using sounds in a non-imitative way. There is an overriding tendency for the relationship between
sounds and meanings to be arbitrary. Normally there is no reason why a particular morpheme is realised by
any particular sounds. The choice of the allomorph or allomorphs that represent a particular morpheme is
arbitrary.
Obviously, as everyone knows, all languages do not have the same words. Since virtually any arbitrary
match of sound and meaning can produce a word, it is not surprising that words vary greatly in their
structure across languages. But this does not mean that chaos reigns. The ways in which morphs are used to
form words is regulated by general principles. So, the amount of crosslinguistic variation in word-formation
falls within certain broad parameters. It is as if there is a menu of blueprints for word-formation from which
all languages make their selections:
[3.14]
(i) ISOLATING (or analytic) languages
(ii) AGGLUTINATING languages
(iii) INFLECTING (or synthetic) languages
(iv) POLYSYNTHETIC languages
No language makes all its choices from just one part of the menu. To varying degrees all languages make
mixed choices. The idea of this menu is to indicate the predominant word-formation tendencies, if they
exist. In the subsections below we shall consider in turn examples of the different morphological types.

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