11.3.4
Malapropisms
Some tip-of-the-tongue experiences do not end up in frustrated silence, but in uttering the wrong word. We
might say ‘oops!’. But it is too late. We have confused two words. We have uttered a word which is
phonologically, and perhaps also semantically, similar to the word we intended to use. Such a slip is called a
MALAPROPISM, after Mrs Malaprop, a character in Sheridan’s play
The Rivals.
In
The Rivals, the contrast between supercilious Mrs Malaprop’s vanity and her verbal ineptitude is
hilarious. Her haughtiness is constantly punctured by her verbal gaffes. She is not nearly as literate and
sophisticated as she believes herself to be. We laugh at her expense when she says:
‘But the point we would request of you is, that you will promise to forget this fellow—to illiterate him,
I say, quite from your memory.’
(
The Rivals, I, ii)
Of course,
she meant to say obliterate him from your memory.
Malapropisms occur in real life. In the second half of the twentieth century perhaps the most famous
public figure with an unfortunate reputation for the ludicrous misuse of words has been the late Mayor
Daley of Chicago, whose famous blunders include ‘harassing the atom’ (meaning ‘harnessing the atom’)
and ‘rising to higher platitudes of achievement’ (cited in Bolinger 1968:103).
In Britain, several famous TV sports commentators are notorious for their malapropisms. The publishers
of the satirical magazine
Private Eye were quick to see the commercial potential of these gaffes and
produced a series of anthologies called
Colemanballs (named after David Coleman, the doyen of TV sports
commentators). The selection in the 1984 volume of
Private Eye’s Colemanballs 2, edited by Fantoni,
includes this one in the football section:
Again Mariner and the Butcher are trying to work the oracle on the near post.
MARTIN TYLER
Tyler probably intended to say
miracle. Elsewhere in the same volume we read this insight into the game of
cricket:
No
captain with all the hindsight in the world can predict how the wicket is going to play.
(Trevor Bailey)
For
hindsight I suspect you should read
foresight.
Some of the erroneous associations of phonological representations with meanings may become
widespread. In time, a malapropism may become the established usage. This seems to be happening to the
word
mitigate, which has become confused with
militate. Many people will use [11.35a] instead of [11.
35b]:
[11.35]
a.
The
bad weather mitigated against the rescue operation,
b.
The bad weather
militated against the rescue operation.
THE MENTAL LEXICON 175
Malapropisms are an important source of evidence of how we store and retrieve words from the mind
with the meaning separate from the phonological representation. When retrieval goes wrong, a mismatch of
meanings with phonological representations may result.
In sum, slips of the tongue occurring in normal speech are one important source of evidence concerning
words in the mind. As Fromkin has shown in the various publications cited above, anomalous utterances are
a window through which we can glimpse
how normal language storage, retrieval and processing work.
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