9.5.5
Lexical revivals
The reverse can also happen. Sometimes a word that had become a museum piece is dusted down and put
back in circulation, albeit with a changed meaning. Barber (1964) cites frigate, corvette and armour as
examples of LEXICAL REVIVALS. Frigate and corvette had become moribund words only used
technically in historical books to describe types of obsolete, small, fast sixteenth- and seventeenthcentury
fighting ships. The word armour had also become obsolete after the end of the age of chivalry and the
disappearance of medieval knights in shining armour.
All three words were revived early in the twentieth century and came back into general use—with new
meanings. The two naval terms were pressed back into service to refer to modern fighting ships which were
very different from the frigates and corvettes of early modern times. Similarly, when the word armour was
revived, it referred to tanks and other mechanised fighting vehicles rather than to knights’ suits of mail.
9.5.6
Metaphors
Figurative language is yet another source of lexical terms. Wornout figures of speech often end up
becoming conventional lexical items. We speak of ‘the legs of tables and chairs’ because leg, meaning
‘limb’, was metaphorically extended to furniture. We speak of ‘the tongue of a shoe’ by analogy to the
tongue of an animal. For the same reason we speak of ‘the eye of a needle’ and ‘an ear of corn’, ‘the foot of
a mountain’ and ‘the brow of a hill’.
As seen, many DEAD METAPHORS are based on body parts. However, metaphors and metaphorical
extensions of meaning from other sources are not difficult to find. In recent years, British political pundits
have talked about banana skin meaning ‘a political misadventure that causes a politician to metaphorically
skid and suffer a humiliating fall’. Continuing in the fruity vein, a concoction of narcotics is colloquially
referred to as a fruit salad. The comparison with the legal and innocuous fruit salad served as a dessert is
obvious.
In the late 1980s, in popular speech, if a person received shocking news that left them totally devastated,
they could say that they were gutted or kippered or filleted. The analogy between the effect of the shock that
goes to the very core and what a fishmonger does to fish is plain to see.
The metaphorical dimension of such expressions is obvious if you stand back and think about their
structure and likely source. But normally people use such expressions without thinking about their
metaphorical basis. They simply treat them as plain, ordinary lexical terms.
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