English literature

2.2 Stuctural Approach
Structural approach in analyzing literary work should be concerned with the intrinsic elements and ignore the extrinsic elements (Wellek and Warren, 1994:24). It is mean that the structural approach focuses in intrisic elements. The intrinsic elements finds in literary work it self. In this case, the literary work is 1984 novel by George Orwell. That‘s statement related with Sumardjo (1991: 54) says that structure of literary works there are two namely shape and content. Struktur karya sastra ada dua yaitu bentuk dan isi. Bentuk yaitu bagaimana pengarang menulis karya sastranya, sedangkan isi yaitu bagaimana pengarang mengekspresikan apa yang ada dalam pikirannya lalu dituangkan ke dalam karya sastra yang dibuatnya. Struktur karya sastra (fiksi) terdiri atas unsur unsur alur, penokohan, tema, latar dan amanat sebagai unsur yang paling menunjang dan paling dominan dalam membangun karya sastra (fiksi). In Wellek and Waren (1994: 24) said that there are various elements in structural Approach such as character, plot, setting and theme.
Character
The important element in literary works is character. The character finds in literary work text such as novel, drama or even poems. The character can be human, or even animal. But, in this thesis, the writer discuss novel. In novel, there are two kinds of character such as major characteter and minor character. In literary work the both of kinds characters above contain fourthings such as actions, phsical atributes, respon to other characters and character interaction to each other. Diyanmi (2004: 248) said below: Character has sense of identity and personality that are derived essentially from four things, such as their actions- what they do-, their words- what they said and how they said said it-, their phsical atributes- what they look like-, and their response of other characters to them- what other say or do to or about them.
Plot
Plot is a set of the event sequences formed to produce a story. As Foster in Tuloli (2000: 19) There are five stages of plot, a typical plot structure includes the following:
1. Exposition. In the beginning of the story, the author introduces the setting, main characters, and conflict. As well, the author introduces the inciting incident. This is an event that causes the story to progress.
2. Rising Action. This is the part of in which the protagonist faces conflict and setbacks as he/she attempts to achieve his goal or purpose. It occurs after the exposition.
3. Climax. It is the high point and turning point in the story. The climax can
be a confrontation between the protagonist and antagonist; the end of an era, conflict or war; the discovery of truth; a change or reversal of fortune. It occurs after the rising action.
4. Falling Action. In the falling action, the sense that the loose ends are being tied up. However, it is often the time of greatest overall tension in the play, because it is the phase in which everything goest most wrong.
5. Denouncement or Resolution. In this part of the story, the author ties up loose ends by explaining any unanswered questions in the story. It occurs after the climax or final dramatic event.
Setting
Setting is the place, time, atmosphere or mood, and the social condition where the event of a storytake place.Setting usually describes the geographical site in the story, the time that the author uses are morning, day, afternoon, and evening or night, and the atmosphere that happen in the story. Setting fulfills most of the core aspect of a story because without a place is no story and without a setting, characters are simply in a vacuum with no reason to act, for instance, the characters cannot do anything without the setting. As Nurgiyanto (2009: 233) states ―Social setting describe the social behavior of society in a place in fiction. It also related to the manner, tradition, faith, point of view, the way of thinking and attitude.
Theme
Stanton (1965:88) explained that theme is the meaning that contained in a story. Authors use dialogue of character, their ways of thinking, feeling, events, and setting to clarify the theme. Theme is idea of a story.
At the time author writes a story, he does not only want to tell a story, but also want to say something to his readers.
The writer can say that theme is the foundation in literary works. Usually theme contains elements of social, cultural, and religious differences. An author may deliver message and moral values through thing.
1. Social theme
Social theme is a theme well-related to a social condition. An author generally refers the story either to the social condition around or the interaction happened in society.
2. Cultural theme
Cultural theme discusses about culture existed in a society. An author a generally explains how the culture in a society lives.
3. Religious theme
Religious theme is a theme well-related to god domination. An author usually shows varying things illogical things such as doomsday.