Lecture 14.
Composition. Shortening (Contraction). Sound-Imitation (Onomatopoeia).
Reduplication. Back-formation (Reversion)
.
(Antrushina G.B.,, English Lexicology, 1999,
113 –
127).
Criteria for composition
A further theoretical aspect of composition is the criteria for distinguishing between a
compound and a word-combination.
This question has a direct bearing on the specific feature of the srtucture of most
English compounds which has already been mentioned: with the exception of the rare
morphological type, they originate directly from word-combinations and are often
homonymous to them: a tall boy – a tallboy.
In this case the
graphic criterion
of distinguishing between a word and a word-group
seems to be sufficiently convincingyet, in many cases it cannot wholly be relied on. The
spelling of many compounds, tallboy among them, can be varied even within the same
book. In the case of tallboy the
semantic criterion
seems more reliable, for the striking
difference in the meanings of the word and the word-group certainly points to the
highest degree of semantic cohesion in the word: tallboy does not even denote a
person, but a piece of furniture, a chest of drawers supported by a low stand.
Moreover, the word-group a tall boy conveys two concepts: 1.a young male person;
2.big in size), whereas the word tallboy expresses one concept.
Yet, the semantic criterion alone cannot prove anything as phraseological units also
convey a single concept and some of them are characterized by a high degree of
semantic cohesion.
The phonetic criterion for compounds may be treated as that of a single stress. The
criterion is convincingly applicable to many compound nouns, yet does not work with
compound adjectives
‘slowcoach, ‘blackbird, ‘tallboy,
but: ‘blue-‘eyed, ‘absent-‘minded, ‘ill-‘mannered.
Still, it is true that the morphological structure of these adjectives and their
hyphenated spelling leave no doubt about their status as words and not word-groups.
Morphological and syntactic criteria can also be applied to compound words in order to
distinguish them from word-groups.
In the word-group a tall boy each of the constituents is independently open to
grammatical changes peculiar to its own category as a part of speech: They were the
tallest boys in their form.
Between the constituent parts of the word-group other words can be inserted: a tall
handsome boy.
The compound tallboy – and, in actual fact, any other compound – is not subjected to
such changes. The first component is grammatically invariable; the plural form ending is
added to the whole unit: tallboys. No word can be inserted between the components,
even with the compounds which have a traditional separate graphic form.
All this leads us to the conclusion that, in most cases, only several criteria (semantic,
morphological, syntactic, phonetic, graphic) can convincingly classify a lexical unit as
either a compound word or a word group.
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