hammer
for
those nails and
hamme
r them in well. 13.a)Show me your little
finger
. b) The coach
fingered
the papers on his desk. 14.a)These men wanted
dogs
. b)This woman
dogs
me.
VII.Explain the semantic correlation between the following pairs of words.
Shelter – to shelter, park – to park, groom – to groom, elbow – to elbow, breakfast – to
breakfast, pin – to pin, trap – to trap, fish – to fish, head – to head, nurse – to nurse.
VIII.Deduce the meanings and use them in constructing sentences of your own.
star – to star, picture – to picture, colour – to colour, blush – to blush, key- to key, fool –
to fool, breakfast – to breakfast, house – to house, monkey – to monkey, fork – to fork,
slice – to slice, age – to age, touch – to touch, make – to make, finger – to finger, empty
adj. – to empty, poor adj. – the poor, n. pale, adj. – to pale, dry, adj. – to dry, nurse – to
nurse, dress – to dress, floor – to floor.
Exercises are compiled from the book -
.Лексикология английского языка – Г.Б. Антрушина, 1999.
Lecture 13.
Word-Building (How English words are made); conversion, composition
.
(Antrushina G.B.,, English
Lexicology, 1999, pp.
91 – 113)
It was mentioned that a word made by conversion has a different meaning from that
of the word from which it was made through the two meanings can be associated. There
are certain regularities in these associations which can be roughly classified. For
instance, in the group of verbs made from nouns some of the regular semantic
associations are as indicated in the following list:
I.The noun is the name of a tool or implement, the verb denotes an action
performed by the tool: to hammer, to nail, to pin, to brush, to comb, to pencil
II.The noun is the name of an animal, the verb denotes an action or aspect of
behaviour considered typical of the animal: to dog, to wolf, to monkey, to ape, to fox, to
rat. Yet, to fish does not mean to “to behave like a fish” but “to try to catch fish”. The
same meaning of hunting activities is conveyed by the verb to whale and one of the
meanings of to rat; the other is “ to turn informer, squeel” (sl.).
III. The name of apart of the human body – an action performed by it: to hand, to
leg (sl), to eye, to elbow, to shoulder, to nose, to mouth. However, to face does not
imply doing something by or even with one’s face but turning it in a certain direction. To
back means either “to move backwards” or, in the figurative sense, “ to support
somebody or something”.
IV. The name of a profession or occupation – an activity typical of it: to nurse, to
cook, to maid, to groom.
V.The name of a place – the process of occupying the place or of putting smth.-
smb. in it (to room, to house, to place, to table, to cage).
VI. The name of a container – the act of putting smth. within the container (to can, to
bottle, to pocket).
VII. The name of a meal – the process of taking it (to lunch, to supper).
The suggested groups do not include all the great variety of verbs made from nouns
by conversion. They just represent the most obvious cases and illustrate, convincingly
enough, the great variety of semantic interrelations within so-called converted pairs and
the complex nature of the logical associations which specify them.
In actual fact, these associations are not only complex but sometimes perplexing. It
would seem that if you know that the verb formed from the name of an animal denotes
behaviour typical of the animal, it would be easy for you to guess the meaning of such a
verb provided that you know the meaning of the noun. Yet, it is not always easy. Of
course, the meaning of to fox is rather obvious being derived from the associated
reputation of that animal for cunning: to fox means “to act cunningly or craftily”. But what
about to wolf? How is one to know which of the characteristics of the animal was picked
by the speaker’s subconsciousness when this verb was produced? Ferocity? Loud and
unpleasant howling? The inclination to live in packs? Yet, as the following example
shows, to wolf means “to eat greedily, voraciously”: Charlie went on wolfing the
chocolate.
In the same way, from numerous characteristics of the dog, only one was chosen for
the verb to dog which is well illustrated by the following example:
I pity any detective who would have to dog him through those twenty months.
(J.Fowles, The French Lieutenant’s Woman)
(To dog – to follow or track like a dog, especially with hostile intention.)
The two verbs to ape and to monkey, which might be expected to mean more or less
the same , have shared between themselves certain typical features of the same
animal:
to ape – to imitate, mimic (e.g. He had always aped the gentleman in his clothes
and manners. – J.Fowels);
to monkey – to fool, to act or play idly and foolishly. To monkey can also be used in
the meaning “to imitate”, but much rather than ape.
The following anecdote shows that the intricacies of semantic associations in words
made by conversion may prove somewhat bewildering even for some native speakers,
especially for children.
“Mother”, said Johnny, “Is it correct to say you ‘water a horse’ when he’s thirsty?”
“Yes, quite correct.”
“Then”, (picking up a saucer) “I’m going to milk the cat”.
The joke is based on the child’s mistaken association of two apparently similar
patterns: water, n. – to water v., milk n. – to milk v. But it turns out that the meanings of
the two verbs arose from different associations: to water a horse means “to give him
water”, but to milk implies getting milk from an animal (e.g. to milk a cow).
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