1.Latin Affixes
The suffix –ion
communion, legion, opinion,
session, union, etc.
The suffix –tion
relation, revolution, starvation,
temptation, unification
The suffix –ate
appreciate, create, congratulate
the remnant suffix –ct
act, conduct, collect, connect
The remnant suffix –d(e)
applaud, divide, exclude, include
The prefix –dis
disable, distract, disagree
The suffix –able
detestable, curable
The suffix –ate
accurate, desperate, graduate
the suffix –ant
arrogant, constant, importanr
The suffix –ent
absent, convenient, decent,
evident
The suffix –or
major, minor, junior, senior
The suffix –al
cordial, final, fraternal, maternal
The suffix –ar
lunar, solar, familiar
French Affixes
The suffix –ance
arrogance, endurance,
hindrance
The suffix –ence
consequence, intelligence,
patience
The suffix –ment
appointment, development,
experiment
The suffix –age
courage, marriage,
passage, village
The suffix –ess
tigress, lioness, actress
The suffix –ous
curious, dangerous, joyous,
serious
The Prefix en-
enable, enact, enslave
It seems advisable to sum up what has been said in a table
The Etymological Structure of English Vocabulary
The native element
The borrowed element
1.Indo-European
element
2.Germanic
element
3.English Proper
element (no earlier
than 5
th
c. A.D.)
1.Celtic (5
th
–6
th
c. A.D.)
2.Latin
1
st
group:1
st
c. B.C.
2
nd
group: 7
th
c. A.D.
3
rd
group: the Renaisance period
3.Scandinavian (8
th
– 11
th
c. A.d)
4.French
1.Norman borrowings
11
th
– 13
th
c A.D.
2.Parisian borrowings
(Renaisance)
5.Greek (Renaisance)
6.Italian (Renaisance and later)
7.Spanish (Renaisance and later)
8. German
9.Indian
10.Russian
Modern scholars estimate the percentage of borrowed words in the English
vocabulary at 65-70 per cent which is exceptionally high figure. This anomaly is
explained by the country’s eventful history and by its many international contacts.
On a straight vocabulary count, considering the high percentage of borrowed words,
one would have to classify English as a language of international origin or, at least, a
Romance one (as French and Latin words prevail). but here another factor comes into
play, the relative frequency of occurrence of words, and it is under the heading that the
native Anglo-Saxon heritage comes into its own. The native element comprises a large
number of high-frequency words like the articles, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions,
auxiliaries and, also, words denoting everyday objects and ideas (house, water, go,
come, eat, good, bad, etc).
Furthermore, the grammatical structure is essentially Germanic having remained
unaffected by foreign influence.
The first column consists of three groups, only third being dated. As to the Indo-
European and Germanic groups, they are so old that they cannot be dated. It was
mentioned that the tribal languages of the Angles, the Saxons, the Jutes, by the time of
their migration, contained only words of Indo-European and Germanic roots plus a
certain number of the earliest Latin borrowings
By the
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