English grammar

Eslatma:
Jahon urushlari nomlari 2 xil aytiladi:

1.World War I, World War II

2. the First World War the Second World War


Eslatma:

Harflari alohida-alohida o’qiladigan qisqartma otlar(asosan shahar nomlari) THE bilan.

Ex: The USA, the UK, the USSR, the UN, the VIP.

Bir so’z kabi oqilsa artklsiz ishlatiladi.

Ex: NATO, UNISEF, FIFA, IELTS, TOEFL

AHLIDDIN YUNUSOV, NAVRUZA ERGASHEVA

1. 
   When +subject + past simple, subject + past continuous.
   
2. 
   When + subject + past simple, subject + past perfect.
   
3. 
   When +subject + past simple, subject + past simple.
   
4. 
   When + subject + past perfect, subject + subject + past simple
   
5. 
   When +subject + past simple, subject + past simple.
   
6. 
   When/while/as + sub+ past continuous, subject + Past simple.
   
7. 
   When + subject + past simple, subject + past perfect continuous( with key word)
   

1. 
   When +subject + present simple, subject + Future simple.
   
2. 
   When +subject + present simple, subject + Future continuous.
   
3. 
   When +subject + present simple, subject + Future perfect.
   
4. 
   When +subject + present perfect, subject + Future simple.
   
5. 
   Whenever/when +sub+ present simple, sub+ present simple.
   

dvise allow ask (can’t) bear beg bring build buy challenge choose

command dare direct encourage expect forbid force help hire instruct

invite lead leave motivate offer order pay permit persuade prepare

promise remind require send teach tell urge want warn wait +for

Afford Agree Aim Allow Appear Arrange Ask Attempt (can’t) bear Be able Begin Care Cause Challenge Choose Claim Condescend Consent Continue Convenience

Dare Decide* Demand Detest Deserve Dislike Encourage Expect Fail Forbit Force Forget Happen Hate Help * Hesitate Hire Hope * Hurry Instruct

Intent Instruct Invite Learn * Leave Like Manage Mean Need Offer * Order Permit Persuade Plan * Prepare Pretend * Promise Propose Refuse Regret

Remember* Remind Require Say Seem Shoot Start * Struggle Swear Teach Try * Threaten Urge Volunteer Wait Want * Warn Wish Would like

Ex: He plans to be a doctor.

Ex: 1. I want Sally to tell me the truth. 2. He told me to leave. I’m waiting for John to phone.

Let Would rather

Make Help

Had better

Ex: 1. He let me use the car last night. 2. My mother makes me clean my room.

• 
  Modal fe’llar ( can, may, must, should, etc) dan keyin ham infinitive to siz ishlatiladi.
  

Ex: May I call you when I’ll be free?

Ba’zi fe’llardan so’ng gerund yoki to siz infinitive ishlatilishi mumkin. Bunda to siz infinitive ish-harakatning tugallanganligini, gerund esa tugallanmaganligini bildiradi. Bunday fe’llarga

Ex: feel, notice, hear, listen to, look at, observe, overhear, perceive, see, seem, watch kabilar kiradi.

Afraid to Amazed to Anxious to Astonished to Ashamed to Careful to

Content to Delighted to Determined to Disappointed to Eager to Fortunate to

Glad to Happy to Hesitant to Lucky to Motivated to Pleased to

Prepared to Proud to Ready to Relieved to Reluctant to Sad to

Shoched to Sorry to Stunned to Surprised to Upset to Willing to

Ex:

• 
  Why so’roq olmoshidan keyin infinitive to siz kelishi mumkin. Bunda ish-harakatning bajarilishi muhim emas yoki bajarilsa ahmoqlik bo’lishi mumkinligini ko’rsatadi.
  

Ex: Why pay more at other shops? Our prices are the lowest.

• 
  Why not – V₁ - yangi fikr va taklif berish ma’nosida qo’llaniladi.
  

Ex: Why not ask Susan to help you?

Cannot but, nothing but brikmalaridan keyin infinitive to siz ishlatiladi.

Ex: 1) I cannot but think so. 2) She does nothing but make scenes.

• 
  Ikki yoki undan ortiq infinitive and, or, except, but, than lar bilan bog’langanda gapdagi shu bog’lovchilaran keying infinitive to siz ishlatiladi.
  

Ex: It is easier to do it yourself than explain to somebody else how to do it.

Preposition + object + to V₁

Ex: I shouted at the man to open the door.

Ex: We’re depending on you to find a

solution soon.

Ex: He closed the door and signaled to the pilot to take off.

Too va Enough larning Infinitive bilan ishlatilishi.

(a)That box is too heavy for Bob to lift. Compare (b) That box is very heavy, but Bob can lift it.	Too iborasini ishlatayotganda fe’lni bajarishda negative ma’no bo’ladi. (a) da: too heavy = It is impossible for Bob to lift that box. (b) da: very heavy = It is possible but difficult for Bob to lift that box.
(c) I am strong enough to lift that box. I can lift it. (d)I have enough strength to lift that box.	! adj.+enough ketma-ketligiga diqqat qiling ! enough+noun ketma-ketligiga diqqat qiling

Need fe’lining infinitive bilan ishlatilishi

I need to borrow some money. John needs to be told the truth.	( a) va (b) gaplariga diqqat qilgan bo’lsangiz gapning egasi narsa emas odam kelmoqda shuning uchun bunday xil gaplarda infinitive’dan foydalanamiz.
The house needs painting The house needs to be painted	(c) va (d) gaplariga diqqat qilgan bo’lsangiz gapning egasi narsa kelmoqda shuning uchun bunday xil gaplarda gerund yoki passive dan foydalanamiz.

Bazi fe’llar ham infinitive ham gerund bilan ishlatiladi. Ammo gap ma’nosida farq bo’ladi.

Stop	o’zi qilishdan to’xtasa	“ing”	Tom stopped smoking when he saw his father .
	biror narsa qilish uchun to’xtasa (ga)	“to”	On the way home tom stopped to buy some sugar.
Try	Sinab ko’rmoq,	“ing”	If you can’t sleep try drinking some milk.
	harakat qilmoq urinmoq	“to”	We tried to move the table but we couldn’t.
Like	enjoy” manosida kelsa	“ing”	I like watching t.v.
	yoqtirmoq manosida kelsa	“to”	I like to clean the room as soon as possible.
Remember	qilgan ishiga	“ing”	I remember flying for the first time.
	endi qiladigan ishiga	“to”	Remember to buy a newspaper when you are out.
Regret	biror ish qilsa song afsuslansa	“ing”	I regret saying such words to you.
	endi qiladigan ishlariga afsuslansa	“to”	I regret to say that you have failed the test.
Go on	bajarayotgan ishini davom etsa	“ing”	He went on writing letters untill 10 o’clock.
	ishni tugatib boshqasini davom etsa	“to”	He introduced himself and went on to talk about football.
Forget	endi qiladigan ishini unutsa	“ to”	Don’t forget to bring newspaper.
	qilgan ishini unutgan bo’lsa	“ing”	I never forget going to for the first time.
Sorry	endi bo’ladigan ishlarga	“to”	I am sorry to say this, but I have crashed into your car.
Sorry for	qilgan ishga uzr so’rasa	“ing”	I am sorry for disturbing you.
Afraid of	Biror ish qilishdan qorqsa	“ing”	I am afraid of going out in the dark.
Afraid	Biror ish bo’lishdan qo’rqsa	“to”	I am afraid to be bitten by te dog.

• 
  Ham infinitive, ham gerund bilan ishlatilganda ma’no o’zgarmaydigan fe’llarga quyidagilar kiradi:
  

E x: it started to rain/raining.

AMMO: yuqoridagi fe’llarning o’zi ing olganda undan so’ng doim infinitive keladi.

Ex: It is starting to rain/raining.


Gerund – fe’lning shaxssiz shakli bo’lib o’zbek tiliga harakat nomiga to’g’ri keladi. Infinitive ga qaraganda gerund otga yaqinroq turadi.
Gerund ning zamon ko’rsatishi.

Simple	Active	Passive
Doing	Being done
Perfect	Having done	Having been done

1) Gerund paralellikni bildirdi.

Ex: He enjoyed dancing.

2)
Ex: I’m tired of doing homework everyday.

I look forward to hearing from you soon.

Proud of Tired of Afraid of Ashamed of Bored with Interested in Put off

Responsible for Good at Fond of Be used to Get used to Excited about Look forward to

Give up Object to Succeed in Accuse of Depend on I nsist on

Quyidagi fe’llardan keyin gerund ishlatiladi.

Admit Anticipate Avoid Catch (pro)noun Complate Consider Deny Delay Discuss Enjoy Fancy Feel Finish

Forgive Involve Like Mention Mind Miss Practise Postpone Quit Resent Recall Recollect Resent

Resume Report Recollect Risk Save Suggest Tolerate Can’t help Can’t stand It’s worth It’s no use Lost / spend time /money Would you mind

Ko’ngil ochar mashg’ulotlar

Go bird watching	Go hiking	Go sightseeing
Go boating	Go hunting	Go skating
Go bowling	Go jogging	Go skiing
Go camping	Go mountain climbing	Go sledding
Go canoeing	Go running	Go swimming
Go dancing	Go sailing	Go window shopping
Go fishing	Go shopping

-Xo’jalik ishlari. ,

Be busy	Can’t help	Have hard/ difficult time
It is no use	Can’t stand	Have trouble
It is (no) good It is (not)Worth Be/ get used to	There is no poin (in) Have fun How about	Have a good time What’s the use of Have difficulty (in)

Ex: What's the use of waiting for an answer?

She is busy writing the wedding invitations.

• 
  Dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love, adore, prefer kabi hissiyotni bildiruvchi fe’llar umumiy ma’noda ishlatilganda ulardan so’ng gerund keladi. Ex: She likes painting.
  

AMMO: would like, would love, would prefer

bir martalik ish-harkatlari ifodalanganda undan so’ng to V₁ keladi.

Ex: I would like to read a book.

Ex: 1) We wasted a lot of time trying to find a parking space.

2) He lost £100,000 investing in unsuccessful companies.

• 
  Begin, start, continue, propose, bother, intend kabi fe’llardan so’ng ham infinitive ham gerund farqsiz ishlatilishi mumkin.
  

E x: We continued to discuss/discussing the plans. Don’t bother to lay /laying the table.

AMMO: bu fe’llarning o’zlari ing bilan kelganda ulardan so’ng hech qachon gerund kelmaydi.

Ex: It's starting to get cold. (NOT: It'оotorting getting cold)




Ingliz tilida murakkab to’ldiruvchi deb ot va fe’llardan tashkil topgan to’ldiruvchilarga aytiladi.
Ex:1) Suzy wants to read a book.

2) Suzy wants Bob to read a book.

3) Suzy wants the book to be read.

Fe’llar infinitive yoki gerund ni to’gridan to’g’ri emas balki to’ldiruvchi orqali qabul qilishi murakkab to’ldiruvchi deyiladi. Bunda nisbatni to’ldiruvchiga qarab olamiz.

Murakkab to’ldiruvchi tarkibidagi fe’l gerund yoki infinitive shaklida kelishi mumkin.

Quyidagi infinitive talab qiluvchi fe’llar to’ldiruvchidan keyin ham infinitive qabul qiladi.

1.want 5.help*

2.expect 6.mean

3.ask 7.would like*

4.beg 8.would prefer

Ex: We expected Tom to be late.

NOTE: Help + smb + to do/ do

Ex: He helped me (to) clean the room.

Would love/like + to have V₃

brikmasi bajarilmagan ishga nisbatan afsuslanishni ko’rsatadi.

Ex: I would like to have gone to the party yesterday. But I couldn’t.

2) Quyidagi ing qabul qiladigan fe’llar to’ldiruvchi bilan va majhul nisbatda infinitive qabul qiladi.

Ex: He advised us to book in advance, (object)

We were advised to book in advance, (passive)

We advise booking in advance, (no object)

Quyidagi fe’llar odatda to’ldiruvchi

orqali infinitive qabul qiladi.

1.tell 4.teach 7.get

2.order 5.invite 8.force

3.remind 6.persuade 9.inable

Ex: I thought myself to play the piano.
ORTTIRMA NISBAT

Bir shaxsning xohish iltimosini va buyrug’iga ko’ra ikkinchi bir shaxs tomonidan bajarilgan ish-harakatlar haqida ma’lumot beradi.
Iltimoslar va hizmatlar uchun.
Ko’ndirish yoki have ni o’rniga og’zaki nutqda ishlatilishi.


Buyruqni ifodalaydi.
Aniq nisbat

Bunda ish-harakat to’ldiruvchi tomonidan bajariladi.

Ex: I have want Tom wash my car.

I got Nick to help me.

The teacher made us learn preposition.
Majhul nisbat

Bunda to’ldiruvchiga nisbatan ish-harakat bajariladi.

Ex:1. I had my hair cut. 2.She had my car repaired.

We were made to work in the street.

BUT: They made us wrok in the street.

NOTE: Jonli to’ldiruvchi bilan ham majhul nisbat berish mumkin.

Ex: Have/ get + sb + V₃

Ex: I’m going to have my mother observed in Tashkent.

I’ll have you arrested.

NOTE: Make/ have bilan tuzilgan brikmalarni yuqoridagi qoidalarga almashtimaslik kerak.

Ex: I had a party to see my friends.

I made an appointment to talk.

SEE sb DO/DOING

1.see 6.percive

2.watch 7.hear

3.observe 8.listen

4.look at 9.feel

5. notice 10.seem

Biror sodir bo’lgan ish-harakat haqida ma’lumot berish quyidagicha bo’ladi.

A) To’ldiruvchiga nisbatan aniq nisbat

N OTE: DO – comleted or atomic actions. DOING – uncompleted or continuous actions.

Ex: I saw Nick cross the street.

I saw Nick crossing the street.

Look at the dog running after the child.

I see a bus coming towards us.

We watched the sun rise.

I didn’t hear you come in.

Ex: I can see a man waiting (not wait) for a bus.

Ketma-ket sodir bo’lgan ish-harakatlarni ko’rsatishda quyidagi shakldan foydalanamiz.

Ex: I heart my mother wake up and turn on the radio.
B) To’ldiruvchiga nisbatan majhul nisbat.

Ex: The captain watched the goods being discharged.

We saw engines being carefully pocked.

I heart his name mentioned several time during the conversation.

I saw him arrested.

PARTICIPLES