173
11.14 Are articles (
a / an, the) necessary?
S1. *Survey of importance of improving
design of internal systems
S2. A survey of the importance of improving the design of internal systems
S1 is not correct English. A general rule of English is that a countable noun that is
in the singular must be preceded by an article. In S1,
survey is a singular countable
noun, so it must be preceded by either
a or
the. In S2,
a is the correct choice
because we are not referring to a survey that the reader already knows about. An
example of where
the would be necessary is in S3, which is part of a literature
review:
S3. Two surveys on x have been reported in the literature,
the survey conducted by Williams is
more
comprehensive than the survey carried out by Evans,
In S3, the author is referring to specific surveys, so
the is obligatory.
Going back to S1, another general grammatical feature of English is that if you
have the following sequence of words:
noun1 + of + noun2, then noun1 is preceded
by
the. This is because noun1 is used to specify noun2. This means that we need
the
before
importance and before
design.
The last noun in S1 is countable but it is plural (
systems) and unspecified (we know
that the systems are
internal, but we do not know which
internal systems they are).
In such cases, no article is required.
No
the is required for uncountable nouns (i.e.
lack, feedback and
equipment in
S4–S6).
S4. Lack of protective immunity against reinfection
with hepatitis C virus
S5. Feedback and optimal sensitivity
S6. Vibration analysis
for electronic equipment
There are some cases where the use or non-use of
the changes the meaning of the
title.
S7. The factors
that determine depression
S8. Factors that determine depression
S7 gives the idea that the author has made a comprehensive survey of depression
and has identified all those factors that lead to depression. This makes the paper
sound like the final word on depression, i.e. this is the definitive article on
depression.
S8 is not all-inclusive. The reader will expect to learn about some factors. This
makes the paper sound much more modest.
Sometimes the use of
the does not follow the same rules as in general English. For
example, the first word in S9–S11 is a countable noun in the singular and as such
would normally require
the.
174
11 Titles
S9. Effect of clinical guidelines
on medical practice
S10. Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease
S11. Association of exogenous estrogen
and endometrial carcinoma
S12. Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid
Such non-use of
the seems to be very common in medicine, biology and chemistry.
S9 and S10 could also be written as
The effect of ... and
The influence of with no
change in meaning.
Given that the rules of the use of
the are rather mysterious, the best thing to do is
to use Google Scholar to compare your draft title with similar titles. For more
explanations of the usage of article see Sect.
6.6
.
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