Education
It follows from what has been said in this chapter that English is
the medium of a great deal of the world’s knowledge, especially
in such areas as science and technology. And access to knowledge
is the business of education. When we investigate why so many
nations have in recent years made English an official language or
chosen it as their chief foreign language in schools, one of the
most important reasons is always educational – in the broadest
sense. Black South African writer Harry Mashabela puts it like
this:
24
24
Mashabela (1983: 17).
110
Why English? The cultural legacy
learning and using English will not only give us the much-needed uni-
fying chord but will also land us into the exciting world of ideas; it will
enable us to keep company with kings in the world of ideas and also
make it possible for us to share the experiences of our own brothers in
the world . . .
And Sridath Ramphal adds an anecdote:
25
shortly after I became Secretary-General of the Commonwealth in 1975,
I met Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike in Colombo and we talked
of ways in which the Commonwealth Secretariat could help Sri Lanka.
Her response was immediate and specific: ‘Send us people to train our
teachers to teach English as a foreign language’. My amazement must
have showed, for the Prime Minister went on to explain that the policies
her husband had put in place twenty years earlier to promote Sinhalese as
the official language had succeeded so well that in the process Sri Lanka –
so long the pearl of the English-speaking world in Asia – had in fact
lost English, even as a second language save for the most educated Sri
Lankans. Her concern was for development. Farmers in the field, she
told me, could not read the instructions on bags of imported fertiliser –
and manufacturers in the global market were not likely to print them
in Sinhalese. Sri Lanka was losing its access to the world language of
English. We did respond. I believe that today English is doing better as
the second language in Sri Lanka.
Not everyone has viewed the arrival of the language in such a
positive light, as we shall see in chapter 5; but the dominant view
is certainly that a person is more likely to be in touch with the
latest thinking and research in a subject by learning English than
by learning any other language.
It is important to appreciate that the use of English does vary,
in this respect. A 1980 study of the use of English in scientific pe-
riodicals showed that 85per cent of papers in biology and physics
were being written in English at that time, whereas medical papers
were some way behind (73 per cent), and papers in mathematics
and chemistry further behind still (69 per cent and 67 per cent
25
Ramphal (1996).
111
ENGLISH AS A GLOBAL LANGUAGE
respectively).
26
However, all these areas had shown a significant
increase in their use of English during the preceding fifteen years –
over 30 per cent, in the case of chemistry, and over 40 per cent,
in the case of medicine – and the figures twenty years further
on would certainly be much higher. This can be seen even in a
language-sensitive subject such as linguistics, where in 1995nearly
90 per cent of the 1,500 papers listed in the journal
Linguistics
Abstracts
were in English. In computer science, the proportion is
even higher.
Since the 1960s, English has become the normal medium of
instruction in higher education for many countries – and is in-
creasingly used in several where the language has no official sta-
tus. Some advanced courses in The Netherlands, for example, are
widely taught in English. If most students are going to encounter
English routinely in their monographs and periodicals, it is sug-
gested – an argument which is particularly cogent in relation to
the sciences – then it makes sense to teach advanced courses in
that language, to better prepare them for that encounter. But
these days there is also a strong lingua franca argument: the pres-
sure to use English has grown as universities and colleges have
increasingly welcomed foreign students, and lecturers have found
themselves faced with mixed-language audiences.
The English language teaching (ELT) business has become
one of the major growth industries around the world in the past
half-century. However, its relevance to the growth of English as
a world language goes back much further. In the final quarter
of the eighteenth century, we find several examples of English
grammars, such as Lindley Murray’s, being translated into other
languages.
27
An illustration of the scale of the development in
modern times can be seen from the work of The British Council,
which in 2002 had a network of offices in 109 countries promot-
ing cultural, educational and technical cooperation. In 1995–6,
for example, over 400,000 candidates worldwide sat English lan-
guage examinations administered by the Council, over half of
these being examinations in English as a foreign language. At any
one time during that year, there were 120,000 students learning
26
Large (1983: 18).
27
Tieken-Boon van Ostade (1996).
112
Why English? The cultural legacy
English and other skills through the medium of English in Coun-
cil teaching centres. The figures have steadily grown since then.
With thousands of other schools and centres worldwide now also
devoted to English-language teaching, the Council estimated that
the new millennium would see over 1,000 million people learning
English.
28
In a 1995global consultation exercise initiated by
English 2000
,
a British Council project, people professionally involved in ELT
in some ninety countries were asked to react to a series of state-
ments concerning the role and future of the English language.
29
Responses used a 5-point scale from ‘strongly agree’ to ‘strongly
disagree’. Nearly 1,400 questionnaires were returned. One of the
statements was: ‘The global market for English language teaching
and learning will increase over the next 25years.’ Over 93 per cent
agreed or strongly agreed. A particular growth area is central and
eastern Europe, and the countries of the former Soviet Union,
where it is thought that over 10 per cent of the population –
some 50 million in all – are now learning English.
Certain other statements in the Council questionnaire were also
given an unequivocal response. They included:
r
English will retain its role as the dominant language in world
media and communications. 94 per cent agreed or strongly
agreed.
r
English is essential for progress as it will provide the main means
of access to high-tech communication and information over the
next twenty-five years. 95per cent agreed or strongly agreed.
r
English will remain the world’s language for international com-
munication for the next twenty-five years. 96 per cent agreed
or strongly agreed.
Exercises of this kind have no clear predictive value, but they do
provide a useful glimpse of the way specialists are thinking in the
world market-place, and when identical opinions are expressed
from so many countries they undoubtedly help to confirm the
picture of English emerging as a global language.
28
British Council (1997).
29
British Council (1995).
113
ENGLISH AS A GLOBAL LANGUAGE
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