Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: Ignaz Goldziher, Introduction to Islamic 

Theology and Law. Translated by Andras and Ruth Ham-

ori (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981); 

Jeffrey T. Kenney, Muslim Rebels: The Kharijites and the 

Politics of Extremism in Egypt (New York: Oxford Uni-

versity Press, 2006); Michael G. Morony, Iraq after the 

Muslim Conquest (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University 

Press, 1984); Julius Wellhausen, The Religio-Political 

Factions in Early Islam. Translated by R. C. Ostle and S. 

M. Walzer, edited by R. C. Ostle (New York: American 

Elsevier Publishing Company, 1975).

Khilafat Movement

 

(also known as the 

Caliphate Movement)

The 1919–24 movement by Muslims in i

ndia

to advance the Ottoman 

sUltan

 as the 

caliph

(Arabic:  khalifa) of all Muslims. This movement 

demonstrated Indian Muslim 

pan

-i

slamism

, rep-

resented an attempt to mobilize the diverse body 

of Indian Muslims using the symbols of Islam and 

the ancient office of the 

caliphate

, and it served as 

the means by which Muslims came to participate 

in the Indian independence movement.

K  432