Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: Caroline Walker Bynum, Holy Feast 

and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medi-

eval Women (Berkeley: University of California Press, 

1987); Elizabeth Fernea, Guests of the Sheik: An Eth-

nography of an Iraqi Village (1965. Reprint, New York: 

Anchor Books, 1989), 116–125; John Kennedy, ed., 

Nubian Ceremonial Life: Studies in Islamic Syncretism 

and Cultural Change (Berkeley and Cairo: University 

of California Press and American University in Cairo 

Press, 1978); Jafar Sharif, Islam in India, or the Qanun-i 

Islam: The Customs of the Musalmans of India. Translated 

by G. A. Herklots (1832. Reprint, Delhi: Low Price 

Publications, 1997), 151–217.

fedayeen

  See 

fidai

.