Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: Winifred S. Blackman, The Fellahin of 

Upper Egypt (1927. Reprint, Cairo: American University 

in Cairo Press, 2000), 64–89; Jonah Blank, Mullahs on the 

Mainframe: Islam and Modernity among the Daudi Bohras

(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001): 54–60; 

Avner Giladi, “On Tahnik—An Early Islamic Childhood 

Rite,”  Children of Islam: Concepts of Childhood in Medi-

eval Muslim Society (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992): 

35–41; Hilma Granqvist, Birth and Childhood among 

the Arabs (Helsingfors: Söderström, 1947); Jafar Sharif, 

Islam in India, or the Qanun-i Islam: The Customs of the 

Musalmans of India, trans. G. A. Herklots (1921. Reprint, 

Delhi: Low Price Publications, 1997): 21–40.