Encyclopedia of Islam



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Further reading: Ian Henderson Douglas, Abul Kalam 

Azad: An Intellectual and Religious Biography, eds. Gail 

Minault and Christian W. Troll (New Delhi: Oxford Uni-

versity Press, 1988); Syeda Saiyidain Hameed, Islamic 

Seal on India’s Independence: Abul Kalam Azad, A Fresh 

Look (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1998).

al-Azhar



(Arabic: the brilliant one)

Al-Azhar is now the most important center of 

Islamic learning in and the institution most sym-

bolic of the world of Sunni Islam. It was built by 

the Fatimid rulers of e

gypt

 (r. 969–1171) as the 



primary 

mosqUe


 and center of missionary out-

reach in their new capital of c

airo

. With the rise 



to power of the Ayyubid dynasty under s

aladin


in 1171, al-Azhar lost much of its prestige, par-

ticularly to other 

madrasa

s that arose at this time. 




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