Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: William C. Chittick, The Sufi Path 

of Love: The Spiritual Teachings of Rumi (Albany: State 

University of New York Press, 1983), 27–41, 173–193; 

Marsha K. Hermansen, “Shah Wali Allah’s Theory of the 

Subtle Spiritual Centers (Lataif): A Sufi Model of Person-

hood and Self-Transformation.” Journal of Near Eastern 

Studies 47, no. 1 (1988): 1–25; Leor Halevi, Muhammad’s 

Grave: Death Rites and the Making of Islamic Society 

(New York: Columbia University Press, 2007); Duncan 

B. MacDonald, “The Development of the Idea of Spirit 

in Islam.” Muslim World 32 (1932): 24–42, 153–168; 

Michael E. Marmura, “Islamic Concepts of the Soul.” In 

Death, Afterlife, and the Soul, edited by Lawrence E. Sul-

livan, 223–231 (New York: Macmillan Publishing Com-

pany, 1989); Jane I. Smith and Yvonne Y. Haddad, The 

Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection (Albany: 

State University of New York Press, 2002).