Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: Hamza Bogary, The Sheltered Quarter: 

A Tale of a Boyhood in Mecca. Translated by Olive Kenny 

(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991); Richard F. Bur-

ton, A Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to al-Madinah 

and Meccah. 2 vols. (1855. Reprint, New York: Dover, 

K  468  

Mecca

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1964); Patricia Crone, Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam

(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987); 

Suraiya Faroqhi, Pilgrims and Sultans: The Hajj under 

the Ottomans (London: I.B. Tauris, 1994); C. Snouck 

Hurgronje,  Mekka in the Latter Part of the Nineteenth 

Century: Daily Life, Customs and Learning, The Mos-

lims of the East Indian Archipelago. Translated by J. H. 

Monahan (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1970); Richard T. Mortel, 

“Ribats in Mecca during the Medieval Period: A Descrip-

tive Study Based on Literary Sources,” Bulletin of the 

School of Oriental and African Studies 61, no. 1 (1998): 

29–98; F. E. Peters, Jerusalem and Mecca: The Typology 

of the Holy City in the Near East (New York: New York 

University Press, 1986); ———, Mecca: A Literary His-

tory of the Muslim Holy Land (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton 

University Press, 1994); W. Montgomery Watt, Muham-

mad at Mecca (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953); 

Mai Yamani, Cradle of Islam: The Hijaz and the Quest for 

Arabian Identity (London: I.B. Tauris, 2004).