Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: Ali Abd Al-Raziq, “The Caliphate and 

the Bases of Power.” In Islam in Transition: Muslim Per-

spectives, 2d ed., edited by John J. Donohue and John 

L. Esposito, 24–31 (New York and Oxford: Oxford 

University Press, 2007); L. Carl Brown, Religion and 

the State: The Muslim Approach to Politics (New York: 

Columbia University Press, 2000); Hamid Enayat, 

Modern Islamic Political Thought (1982. Reprint, Lon-

don and New York: I.B. Tauris, 2005); Gail Minault, 

The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Politi-

cal Mobilization in India (New York: Columbia Univer-

sity Press, 1982).

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