Encyclopedia of Islam

participate in rituals held at the temples of Hindu 

goddesses. Such beliefs and practices are strongly 

condemned by strict followers of Islam, particu-

larly those influenced by Wahhabi doctrines and 

Islamic modernism.

See also a

rabian

 

religions

, 

pre

-i

slamic

; s

atanic

v

erses

; W

ahhabism

; 

Women

.

Further reading: Hisham ibn Kalbi, The Book of Idols.

Translated by N. A. Faris (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Uni-

versity Press, 1952); Manjhan, Madhumalati: An Indian 

Sufi Romance. Translated by Aditya Behl and Simon 

Weightman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); F. 

E. Peters, The Arabs and Arabia on the Eve of Islam (Alder-

shot, U.K., and Brookfield, Vt.: Ashgate, 1999).

good and evil

  See 

ethics

 

and

 

morality

.

Gospel

 

(Arabic: 

injil)

The q

Uran

 and Muslims refer to the entire New 

Testament as the Gospel, not just the first four 

books of that section of the Bible. The Quran